Using Sun Systems to Build a Virtual and Dynamic Infrastructure

Table of Contents
Using Sun Systems to Build a Virtual and Dynamic Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Dynamic Datacenter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Technology Under Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
SunTM Logical Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Scalent Virtual Operating Environment (V/OE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Architecture Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Hardware and Software Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Proof-of-Concept Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Installation Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Controller Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Client Configuration Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Disk-Booted Personas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Using Solaris ZFS to provide NFS and iSCSI storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Installation for Network-Booted Linux Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Linux: NFS-Booted System Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Linux: iSCSI-Booted System Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Installation for Solaris OS Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Using Logical Domains (LDoms) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Installation of Diskless Solaris Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Installation for Windows Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Windows Disk-Booted Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Windows iSCSI Network-Booted Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Ordering Sun Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Accessing Sun Documentation Online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Appendix A: Supported Ethernet Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Appendix B: Config_tftp Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Appendix C: Scalent V/OE Pre-Installation Checklist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Appendix D: DHCP Manager Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Appendix E: Scalent Controller Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45


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A Networking Approach To Grid Computing

Contents

About the Author xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 What Is Grid Computing And What Are The Key Issues? 1
1.2 Potential Applications and Financial Benefits of Grid Computing 10
1.3 Grid Types, Topologies, Components, and Layers— 13
A Preliminary View
1.4 Comparison with Other Approaches 21
1.5 A First Look at Grid Computing Standards 24
1.6 A Pragmatic Course of Investigation 27
2 Grid Benefits and Status of Technology 31
2.1 Motivations for Considering Computational Grids 31
2.2 Brief History of Computing, Communications, and Grid Computing 38
Communication 44
Computation 46
Grid Technology 47
2.3 Is Grid Computing Ready for Prime Time? 47
2.4 Early Suppliers and Vendors 51
2.5 Possible Economic Value 53
2.5.1 Possible Economic Value: One State’s Positioning 53
2.5.2 Possible Economic Value: Extrapolation 56
2.6 Challenges 56
3 Components of Grid Computing Systems and Architectures 63
3.1 Overview 63
3.2 Basic Constituent Elements—A Functional View 71
Portal/User Interface Function/Functional Block 85
The Grid Security Infrastructure: User Security 75
Function/Functional Block
Node Security Function/Functional Block 76
Broker Function/Functional Block and Directory 76
Scheduler Function/Functional Block 77
Data Management Function/Functional Block 78
Job Management And Resource Management 78
Function/Functional Block
User/Application Submission Function/Functional Block 79
Resources 79
Protocols 80
3.3 Basic Constituent Elements—A Physical View 81
Networks 81
Computation 84
Storage 85
Scientific Instruments 90
Software and licenses 91
3.4 Basic Constituent Elements—Service View 91
4 Standards Supporting Grid Computing: OGSI 101
4.1 Introduction 104
4.2 Motivations for Standardization 109
4.3 Architectural Constructs 113
4.3.1 Definitions 113
4.3.2 Protocol Perspective 115
4.3.3 Going From “Art” To “Science” 123
4.4 What is OGSA/OGSI? A Practical View 125
4.5 OGSA/OGSI Service Elements and Layered Model 129
4.5.1 Key Aspects 129
4.5.2 Ancillary Aspects 132
4.5.3 Implementations of OGSI 136
4.6 What is OGSA/OGSI? A More Detailed View 139
4.6.1 Introduction 139
4.6.2 Setting the Context 140
4.6.3 The Grid Service 145
4.6.4 WSDL Extensions and Conventions 145
4.6.5 Service Data 146
4.6.6 Core Grid Service Properties 149
4.6.7 Other Details 151
4.7 A Possible Application of OGSA/OGSI to Next-Generation 151
Open-Source Outsourcing
4.7.1 Opportunities 151
4.7.2 Outsourcing Trends 151
5 Standards Supporting Grid Computing: OGSA 155
5.1 Introduction 156
5.2 Functionality Requirements 158

5.2.1 Basic Functionality Requirements
5.2.2 Security Requirements
5.2.3 Resource Management Requirements
5.2.4 System Properties Requirements
5.2.5 Other Functionality Requirements
5.3 OGSA Service Taxonomy
5.3.1 Core Services
5.3.2 Data Services
5.3.3 Program Execution
5.3.4 Resource Management
5.4 Service Relationships
5.4.1 Service Composition
5.4.2 Service Orchestration
5.4.3 Types of Relationships
5.4.4 Platform Services
5.5 OGSA Services
CONTENTS ix
159
160
161
162
163
164
166
168
169
173
173
174
175
176
176
177
177 5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.5.5
5.5.6
5.5.7
5.5.8
5.5.9
5.5.10
5.5.11
5.5.12
5.5.13
5.5.14
5.5.15
5.5.16
5.5.17
5.5.18
5.5.19
5.5.20
5.5.21
5.5.22
5.5.23
Handle Resolution
Virtual Organization Creation and Management 178
Service Groups and Discovery Services 178
Choreography, Orchestrations and Workflow 180
Transactions 180
Metering Service 181
Rating Service 182
Accounting Service 182
Billing and Payment Service 182
Installation, Deployment, and Provisioning 183
Distributed Logging
Messaging and Queuing
Event
Policy and Agreements
Base Data Services
Other Data Services
Discovery Services
Job Agreement Service
Reservation Agreement Service
Data Access Agreement Service
Queuing Service
Open Grid Services Infrastructure
Common Management Model
5.6 Security Considerations
183
184
186
187
188
190
191
192
192
193
193
193
195
196
5.7 Examples of OGSA Mechanisms in Support of VO Structures 197
6 Grid System Deployment Issues, Approaches, and Tools 201
6.1 Generic Implementations: Globus Toolkit 201
6.1.1 Globus Toolkit tools and APIs 203
6.1.2 Details on Key Tookit Protocols 207
6.1.3 Globus Toolkit Version 3 213
6.1.4 Applications 216
6.2 Grid Computing Environments 217
6.2.1 Introduction 217
6.2.2 Portal Services 219
6.3 Basic Grid Deployment and Management Issues 220
6.3.1 Products Categories 221
6.3.2 Business Grid Types 221
6.3.3 Deploying a Basic Computing Grid 223
6.3.4 Deploying More Complex Computing Grids 224
6.3.5 Grid Networking Infrastucture Required for Deployment 226
6.3.6 Grid Operation—Basic Steps 230
6.3.7 Deployment Challenges and Approaches 231
6.4 Grid Security Details—Deployment Peace of Mind 234
6.4.1 Basic Approach and Mechanisms 234
6.4.2 Additional Perspectives 236
6.4.3 Conclusion 249
7 Grid System Economics 251
7.1 Introduction 252
7.2 Grid Economic Services Architecture 255
7.2.1 Introduction 255
7.2.2 Overview 256
7.2.3 The Chargeable Grid Service (CGS) 258
7.2.4 The Grid Payment System 267
7.2.5 GPSHold Service 274
7.2.6 The Grid CurrencyExchange Service 275
7.2.7 An Example 277
7.2.8 Security Considerations 280
8 Communication Systems for Local Grids 281
8.1 Introduction and Positioning 281
8.2 SAN-Related Technology 284
8.2.1 Fibre Channel Technology—Native Mode 285
8.2.2 Fibre Channel Technology—Tunneled Modes 298
8.3 LAN-Related Technology 303
8.3.1 Standards 303
8.3.2 Key concepts 307
9 Communication Systems for National Grids 313
9.1 Multilink Frame Relay 313
9.1.1 Motivations and Scope 315
9.1.2 Multilink Frame Relay Basics 319
9.2 MPLS Technology 321
9.2.1 Approaches 322
9.2.2 MPLS Operation 324
9.2.3 Key Mechanisms Supporting MPLS 328
9.2.4 Service Availability 332
10 Communication Systems for Global Grids 333
10.1 The Basics of Layer 2 and layer 3 VPNs 334
10.2 The Layer 3 Approach 334
10.3 Layer 2 MPLS VPNs-A Different Philosophy 336
10.4 Which Works Better Where? 337
10.5 A Grid Computing Application 338
References 339
Glossary 353
Index 365

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A Practical Guide To Ubuntu Linux

Contents
Preface xxxvi
Chapter 1: Welcome to Linux 1
The GNU–Linux Connection 2
The History of GNU–Linux 2
The Code Is Free 4
Have Fun! 5
The Linux 2.6 Kernel 5
The Heritage of Linux: UNIX 5
What Is So Good About Linux? 6
Why Linux Is Popular with Hardware Companies and Developers 7
Linux Is Portable 8
Standards 9
The C Programming Language 9
Ubuntu Linux 10
Overview of Linux 10
Linux Has a Kernel Programming Interface 10
Linux Can Support Many Users 11
Linux Can Run Many Tasks 11
Linux Provides a Secure Hierarchical Filesystem 12
The Shell: Command Interpreter and Programming Language
A Large Collection of Useful Utilities 14
Interprocess Communication 14
System Administration 15
Additional Features of Linux 15
GUIs: Graphical User Interfaces 15
(Inter)Networking Utilities 16
Software Development 17
Conventions Used in This Book 17
Chapter Summary 20
Exercises 20
PART I Installing Ubuntu Linux 21
Chapter 2: Installation Overview 23
The Live/Install Desktop CD/DVD 24
More Information 24
Planning the Installation 25
Considerations 25
Requirements 25
Processor Architecture 26
Interfaces: Installer and Installed System 27
Ubuntu Releases 28
Ubuntu Editions 28
Installing a Fresh Copy or Upgrading an Existing Ubuntu System? 29
Setting Up the Hard Disk 30
RAID 34
LVM: Logical Volume Manager 35
The Installation Process 36
Downloading and Burning a CD/DVD 37
The Easy Way to Download a CD ISO Image File 37
Other Ways to Download a CD/DVD ISO Image File 37
Verifying an ISO Image File 40
Burning the CD/DVD 40
Gathering Information About the System 41
Chapter Summary 42
Exercises 43
Advanced Exercises 43
Chapter 3: Step-by-Step Installation 45
Basic Installation from the Live/Install Desktop CD/DVD 46
Booting the System 46
Checking the CD/DVD for Defects 47
Live Session 47
Graphical Partitioners 53
gparted: the GNOME Partition Editor 53
ubiquity: Setting Up Partitions 56
Upgrading to a New Release 59
Installing KDE 60
Setting Up a Dual-Boot System 61
Creating Free Space on a Windows System 61
Installing Ubuntu Linux as the Second Operating System 61
Advanced Installation 62
The Live/Install Desktop CD: The Initial Install Screen 62
The Alternate CD Initial Install Screen Menu 65
The Server CD Initial Install Screen Menu 66
The DVD 67
The Ubuntu Textual Installer 67
The X Window System 74
displayconfig-gtk: Configures the Display 75
The xorg.conf File 77
gdm: Displays a Graphical Login 82
Chapter Summary 83
Exercises 83
Advanced Exercises 84
PART II Getting Started with Ubuntu Linux 85
Chapter 4: Introduction to Ubuntu Linux 87
Curbing Your Power: root Privileges/sudo 88
A Tour of the Ubuntu Linux Desktop 89
Logging In on the System 89
Introduction 90
Launching Programs from the Desktop 91
Switching Workspaces 93
Setting Personal Preferences 94
Mouse Preferences 95
Working with Windows 96
Using Nautilus to Work with Files 96
The Update Notifier 100
Changing Appearances (Themes) 102
Session Management 104
Getting Help 104
Feel Free to Experiment 105
Logging Out 105
Getting the Most out of the Desktop 105
GNOME Desktop Terminology 105
Opening Files 106
Panels 107
The Main Menu 110
Windows 111
The Object Context Menu 115
Updating, Installing, and Removing Software Packages 119
Software Sources Window 119
Add/Remove Applications 120
Synaptic: Finds, Installs, and Removes Software 121
Where to Find Documentation 124
Ubuntu Help Center 124
man: Displays the System Manual 124
info: Displays Information About Utilities 126
The ––help Option 129
HOWTOs: Finding Out How Things Work 129
Getting Help with the System 130
More About Logging In 132
The Login Screen 132
What to Do if You Cannot Log In 133
Logging In Remotely: Terminal Emulators, ssh, and Dial-Up Connections 133
Logging In from a Terminal (Emulator) 134
Changing Your Password 135
Using Virtual Consoles 136
Working from the Command Line 136
Correcting Mistakes 137
Repeating/Editing Command Lines 139
Controlling Windows: Advanced Operations 139
Changing the Input Focus 139
Changing the Resolution of the Display 140
The Window Manager 141
Chapter Summary 142
Exercises 143
Advanced Exercises 144
Chapter 5: The Linux Utilities 145
Special Characters 146
Basic Utilities 147
ls: Lists the Names of Files 147
cat: Displays a Text File 147
rm: Deletes a File 148
less Is more: Display a Text File One Screen at a Time 148
hostname: Displays the System Name 149
Working with Files 149
cp: Copies a File 149
mv: Changes the Name of a File 150
lpr: Prints a File 151
grep: Searches for a String 151
head: Displays the Beginning of a File 152
tail: Displays the End of a File 152
sort: Displays a File in Order 153
uniq: Removes Duplicate Lines from a File 154
diff: Compares Two Files 154
file: Tests the Contents of a File 155
| (Pipe): Communicates Between Processes 156
Four More Utilities 157
echo: Displays Text 157
date: Displays the Time and Date 157
script: Records a Shell Session 158
unix2dos: Converts Linux and Macintosh Files to Windows Format
Compressing and Archiving Files 159
bzip2: Compresses a File 160
bunzip2 and bzcat: Decompress a File 160
gzip: Compresses a File 161
tar: Packs and Unpacks Archives 161
Locating Commands 164
which and whereis: Locate a Utility 164
apropos: Searches for a Keyword 165
slocate: Searches for a File 166
Obtaining User and System Information 166
who: Lists Users on the System 167
finger: Lists Users on the System 167
w: Lists Users on the System 169
Communicating with Other Users 170
write: Sends a Message 170
mesg: Denies or Accepts Messages 171
Email 171
Tutorial: Creating and Editing a File with vim 172
Starting vim 172
Command and Input Modes 174
Entering Text 175
Getting Help 176
Ending the Editing Session 178
The compatible Parameter 179
Chapter Summary 179
Exercises 181
Advanced Exercises 182
Chapter 6: The Linux Filesystem 183
The Hierarchical Filesystem 184
Directory Files and Ordinary Files 184
Filenames 185
The Working Directory 188
Your Home Directory 188
Pathnames 189
Absolute Pathnames 189
Relative Pathnames 190
Directory Commands 191
mkdir: Creates a Directory 191
Imprtant Standard Directories and Files 194
Working with Directories 196
rmdir: Deletes a Directory 196
Using Pathnames 197
mv, cp: Move or Copy Files 197
mv: Moves a Directory 198
Access Permissions 199
ls –l: Displays Permissions 199
chmod: Changes Access Permissions 200
Setuid and Setgid Permissions 201
Directory Access Permissions 202
ACLs: Access Control Lists 203
Enabling ACLs 204
Working with Access Rules 204
Setting Default Rules for a Directory 207
Links 209
Hard Links 210
Symbolic Links 212
rm: Removes a Link 214
Chapter Summary 214
Exercises 216
Advanced Exercises 218
Chapter 7: The Shell 219
The Command Line 220
Syntax 220
Processing the Command Line 223
Executing the Command Line 225
Editing the Command Line 225
Standard Input and Standard Output 226
The Screen as a File 226
The Keyboard and Screen as Standard Input and Standard Output
Redirection 228
Pipes 234
Running a Program in the Background 237
Filename Generation/Pathname Expansion 239
The ? Special Character 239
* Special Character 240
The
The [ ] Special Characters 241
Builtins 243
Chapter Summary 244
Utilities and Builtins Introduced in This Chapter 245
Exercises 245
Advanced Exercises 247
PART III Digging into Ubuntu Linux 249
Chapter 8: Linux GUIs: X and GNOME 251
X Window System 252
Using X 254
Window Managers 259
The Nautilus File Browser Window 260
The View Pane 261
The Side Pane 261
Control Bars 262
Menubar 263
GNOME Utilities 266
Deskbar Applet 266
Font Preferences 267
Pick a Font Window 268
Pick a Color Window 268
Run Application Window 269
Searching for Files 269
GNOME Terminal Emulator/Shell 270
Chapter Summary 271
Exercises 272
Advanced Exercises 272
Chapter 9: The Bourne Again Shell 275
Background 276
Shell Basics 277
Startup Files 277
Commands That Are Symbols 280
Redirecting Standard Error 280
Writing a Simple Shell Script 282
Separating and Grouping Commands 286
Job Control 290
Manipulating the Directory Stack 292
Parameters and Variables 295
User-Created Variables 296
Variable Attributes 299
Keyword Variables 301
Special Characters 309
Processes 310
Process Structure 310
Process Identification 310
Executing a Command 312
History 312
Variables That Control History 312
Reexecuting and Editing Commands 314
The Readline Library 322
Aliases 328
Single Versus Double Quotation Marks in Aliases 329
Examples of Aliases 330
Functions 331
Controlling bash Features and Options 334
Command Line Options 334
Shell Features 334
Processing the Command Line 338
History Expansion 338
Alias Substitution 338
Parsing and Scanning the Command Line 338
Command Line Expansion 339
Chapter Summary 347
Exercises 349
Advanced Exercises 351
Chapter 10: Networking and the Internet 353
Types of Networks and How They Work 355
Broadcast Networks 356
Point-to-Point Networks 356
Switched Networks 356
LAN: Local Area Network 357
WAN: Wide Area Network 358
Internetworking Through Gateways and Routers 358
Network Protocols 361
Host Address 363
CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing 367
Hostnames 368
Communicate Over a Network 370
finger: Displays Information About Remote Users 370
Sending Mail to a Remote User 371
Mailing List Servers 372
Network Utilities 372
Trusted Hosts 372
OpenSSH Tools 373
telnet: Logs In on a Remote System 373
ftp: Transfers Files Over a Network 375
ping: Tests a Network Connection 375
traceroute: Traces a Route Over the Internet 376
host and dig: Query Internet Nameservers 378
jwhois: Looks Up Information About an Internet Site 378
Distributed Computing 379
The Client/Server Model 380
DNS: Domain Name Service 381
Ports 383
NIS: Network Information Service 383
NFS: Network Filesystem 383
Internet Services 384
Proxy Servers 387
RPC Network Services 387
Usenet 388
WWW: World Wide Web 390
URL: Uniform Resource Locator 391
Browsers 392
Search Engines 392
Chapter Summary 392
Exercises 393
Advanced Exercises 394
Chapter 11: Programming the Bourne Again Shell 395
Control Structures 396
if...then 396
if...then...else 400
if...then...elif 403
for...in 409
for 410
while 412
until 416
break and continue 418
case 419
select 425
Here Document 427
File Descriptors 429
Parameters and Variables 432
Array Variables 432
Locality of Variables 434
Special Parameters 436
Positional Parameters 438
Expanding Null and Unset Variables 443
Builtin Commands 444
type: Displays Information About a Command 445
read: Accepts User Input 445
exec: Executes a Command 448
trap: Catches a Signal 451
kill: Aborts a Process 454
getopts: Parses Options 454
A Partial List of Builtins 457
Expressions 458
Arithmetic Evaluation 458
Logical Evaluation (Conditional Expressions) 459
String Pattern Matching 460
Operators 461
Shell Programs 466
A Recursive Shell Script 467
The quiz Shell Script 470
Chapter Summary 476
Exercises 478
Advanced Exercises 480
PART IV System Administration 483
Chapter 12: System Administration:
Core Concepts 485
Running Commands with root Privileges 487
sudo: Running a Command with root Privileges 490
sudoers: Configuring sudo 494
Unlocking the root Account (Assigning a Password to root)
su: Gives You Another User’s Privileges 499
The Upstart Event-Based init Daemon 500
Software Packages 501
Definitions 501
Jobs 503
SysVinit (rc) Scripts: Start and Stop System Services 507
System Operation 510
Runlevels 510
Booting the System 511
Recovery (Single-User) Mode 512
Going to Multiuser Mode 515
Logging In 516
Logging Out 517
Bringing the System Down 518
Crash 519
Avoiding a Trojan Horse 520
Getting Help 522
Textual System Administration Utilities 522
kill: Sends a Signal to a Process 522
Other Textual Utilities 525
Setting Up a Server 527
Standard Rules in Configuration Files 528
rpcinfo: Displays Information About portmap 530
The inetd and xinetd Superservers 531
Securing a Server 532
DHCP: Configures Network Interfaces 538
nsswitch.conf: Which Service to Look at First 542
How nsswitch.conf Works 542
PAM 545
More Information 546
Configuration Files, Module Types, and Control Flags 546
Example 548
Modifying the PAM Configuration 549
Chapter Summary 550
Exercises 551
Advanced Exercises 551
Chapter 13: Files, Directories, and Filesystems 553
Imprtant Files and Directories 554
File Types 566
Ordinary Files, Directories, Links, and Inodes 566
Special Files 567
Filesystems 570
mount: Mounts a Filesystem 572
umount: Unmounts a Filesystem 575
fstab: Keeps Track of Filesystems 576
fsck: Checks Filesystem Integrity 577
tune2fs: Changes Filesystem Parameters 578
RAID Filesystem 580
Chapter Summary 580
Exercises 580
Advanced Exercises 581
Chapter 14: Downloading and Installing Software 583
JumpStart: Installing and Removing Packages Using aptitude 585
Finding the Package That Holds a File You Need 587
APT: Keeps the System Up-to-Date 588
Repositories 588
sources.list: Specifies Repositories for APT to Search 589
The APT Local Package Indexes and the APT Cache 590
The apt cron Script and APT Configuration Files 590
aptitude: Works with Packages and the Local Package Index 592
apt-cache: Displays Package Information 596
apt-get source: Downloads Source Files 598
dpkg: The Debian Package Management System 598
deb Files 599
dpkg: The Foundation of the Debian Package Management System 600
BitTorrent 604
Installing Non-dpkg Software 607
The /opt and /usr/local Directories 607
GNU Configure and Build System 607
wget: Downloads Files Noninteractively 609
Chapter Summary 610
Exercises 610
Advanced Exercises 610
Chapter 15: Printing with CUPS 611
Introduction 612
Prerequisites 612
More Information 613
Notes 613
JumpStart I: Configuring a Local Printer 614
system-config-printer: Configuring a Printer 614
Configuration Tabs 614
Setting Up a Remote Printer 616
JumpStart II: Configuring a Remote Printer Using the CUPS Web Interface
Traditional UNIX Printing 622
Configuring Printers 624
The CUPS Web Interface 624
CUPS on the Command Line 626
Sharing CUPS Printers 629
Printing from Windows 630
Printing Using CUPS 631
Printing Using Samba 631
Printing to Windows 632
Chapter Summary 633
Exercises 633
Advanced Exercises 633
Chapter 16: Building a Linux Kernel 635
Prerequisites 636
Downloading the Kernel Source Code 637
aptitude: Downloading and Installing the Kernel Source Code 637
git: Obtaining the Latest Kernel Source Code 637
Read the Documentation 638
Configuring and Compiling the Linux Kernel 639
.config: Configures the Kernel 639
Customizing a Kernel 640
Cleaning the Source Tree 642
Compiling a Kernel Image File and Loadable Modules 643
Using Loadable Kernel Modules 643
Installing the Kernel, Modules, and Associated Files 646
Rebooting 647
grub: The Linux Boot Loader 647
menu.lst: Configures grub 648
update-grub: Updates the menu.lst file 651
grub-install: Installs the MBR and grub Files 653
dmesg: Displays Kernel Messages 654
Chapter Summary 655
Exercises 656
Advanced Exercises 656
Chapter 17: Administration Tasks 657
Configuring User and Group Accounts 658
users-admin: Manages User Accounts 658
useradd: Adds a User Account 660
userdel: Removes a User Account 661
usermod: Modifies a User Account 661
groupadd: Adds a Group 661
groupdel: Removes a Group 661
Backing Up Files 662
Choosing a Backup Medium 663
Backup Utilities 663
Performing a Simple Backup 665
dump , restore: Back Up and Restore Filesystems 666
Scheduling Tasks 668
cron and anacron: Schedule Routine Tasks 668
at: Runs Occasional Tasks 671
System Reports 671
vmstat: Reports Virtual Memory Statistics 671
top: Lists Processes Using the Most Resources 672
parted: Reports on and Partitions a Hard Disk 673
Keeping Users Informed 677
Creating Problems 678
Solving Problems 679
Helping When a User Cannot Log In 679
Speeding Up the System 680
lsof: Finds Open Files 681
Keeping a Machine Log 681
Keeping the System Secure 682
Log Files and Mail for root 683
Monitoring Disk Usage 683
logrotate: Manages Log Files 684
Removing Unused Space from Directories 686
Disk Quota System 687
syslogd: Logs System Messages 688
Chapter Summary 690
Exercises 690
Advanced Exercises 691
Chapter 18: Configuring a LAN 693
Setting Up the Hardware 694
Connecting the Computers 694
Routers 695
NIC: Network Interface Card 695
Tools 695
Configuring the Systems 697
network-admin: Configures Network Connections 698
nm-applet: Configures Network Connections Automatically 700
iwconfig: Configures a Wireless NIC 700
Setting Up Servers 702
More Information 703
Chapter Summary 703
Exercises 704
Advanced Exercises 704
PART V Using Clients and Setting Up Servers 705
Chapter 19: OpenSSH: Secure Network
Communication 707
Introduction 708
About OpenSSH 708
Files 708
How OpenSSH Works 710
More Information 711
OpenSSH Clients 711
Prerequisites 711
JumpStart: Using ssh and scp 711
Setup 712
ssh: Connects to or Executes Commands on a Remote System 714
scp: Copies Files to and from a Remote System 716
sftp: A Secure FTP Client 718
~/.ssh/config and /etc/ssh/ssh_config Configuration Files 718
sshd: OpenSSH Server 720
Prerequisites 720
Note 720
JumpStart: Starting the sshd Daemon 720
Authorized Keys: Automatic Login 721
Command Line Options 722
/etc/ssh/sshd_config Configuration File 722
Troubleshooting 724
Tunneling/Port Forwarding 725
Chapter Summary 727
Exercises 728
Advanced Exercises 728
Chapter 20: FTP: Transferring Files Across a Network 729
Introduction 730
More Information 731
FTP Client 731
Prerequisites 731
JumpStart I: Downloading Files Using ftp 732
Notes 735
Anonymous FTP 735
Automatic Login 735
Binary Versus ASCII Transfer Mode 736
ftp Specifics 736
FTP Server (vsftpd) 740
Prerequisites 740
Notes 740
JumpStart II: Starting a vsftpd Server 741
Testing the Setup 741
vsftpd.conf: The vsftpd Configuration File 742
Chapter Summary 753
Exercises 753
Advanced Exercises 754
Chapter 21: exim4: Setting Up Mail Servers,
Clients, and More 755
Introduction to exim4 756
Prerequisites 757
Notes 757
More Information 758
JumpStart I: Configuring exim4 to Use a Smarthost 758
JumpStart II: Configuring exim4 to Send and Receive Email 760
How exim4 Works 761
Mail Logs 762
Working with Messages 763
Aliases and Forwarding 763
Related Programs 765
Configuring exim4 765
Using a Text Editor to Configure exim4 766
The update-exim4.conf.conf Configuration File 766
dpkg-reconfigure: Configures exim4 768
SpamAssassin 768
Prerequisites 769
How SpamAssassin Works 769
Testing SpamAssassin 770
Configuring SpamAssassin 771
Additional Email Tools 772
Webmail 772
Mailing Lists 774
Setting Up an IMAP or POP3 Server 776
Authenticated Relaying 777
Alternatives to exim4 779
Chapter Summary 779
Exercises 780
Advanced Exercises 780
Chapter 22: NIS: Network Information Service 781
Introduction to NIS 782
How NIS Works 782
More Information 784
Setting Up an NIS Client 784
Prerequisites 785
Notes 785
Step-by-Step Setup 786
Testing the Setup 787
yppasswd: Changes NIS Passwords 788
Setting Up an NIS Server 790
Prerequisites 790
Notes 791
Step-by-Step Setup 791
Testing 796
yppasswdd: The NIS Password Update Daemon 797
Chapter Summary 798
Exercises 798
Advanced Exercises 798
Chapter 23: NFS: Sharing Filesystems 799
Introduction 800
More Information 802
Setting Up an NFS Client 802
Prerequisites 802
JumpStart I: Mounting a Remote Directory Hierarchy 803
mount: Mounts a Directory Hierarchy 804
Improving Performance 806
/etc/fstab: Mounts Directory Hierarchies Automatically 807
Setting Up an NFS Server 808
Prerequisites 808
Notes 808
JumpStart II: Configuring an NFS Server Using shares-admin 809
Manually Exporting a Directory Hierarchy 811
Where the System Keeps NFS Mount Information 815
exportfs: Maintains the List of Exported Directory Hierarchies 817
Testing the Server Setup 818
automount: Mounts Directory Hierarchies on Demand 818
Chapter Summary 821
Exercises 822
Advanced Exercises 822
Chapter 24: Samba: Linux and Windows File
and Printer Sharing 823
Introduction 824
About Samba 825
Prerequisites 825
More Information 825
Notes 825
Samba Users, User Maps, and Passwords 826
JumpStart: Configuring a Samba Server Using shares-admin 826
swat: Configures a Samba Server 828
smb.conf: Manually Configuring a Samba Server 832
Parameters in the smbd.conf File 832
The [homes] Share: Sharing Users’ Home Directories 838
Accessing Linux Shares from Windows 838
Browsing Shares 838
Mapping a Share 839
Accessing Windows Shares from Linux 839
smbtree: Displays Windows Shares 839
smbclient: Connects to Windows Shares 840
Browsing Windows Networks 840
Mounting Windows Shares 841
Troubleshooting 841
Chapter Summary 844
Exercises 844
Advanced Exercises 844
Chapter 25: DNS/BIND: Tracking Domain Names
and Addresses 845
Introduction to DNS 846
Nodes, Domains, and Subdomains 846
Zones 848
Queries 849
Servers 850
Resource Records 851
DNS Query and Response 854
Reverse Name Resolution 855
About DNS 857
How DNS Works 857
Prerequisites 857
More Information 858
Notes 858
JumpStart I: Setting Up a DNS Cache 858
Setting Up BIND 860
named.conf: The named Configuration File 860
Zone Files 863
A DNS Cache 864
DNS Glue Records 868
TSIGs: Transaction Signatures 868
Running BIND in a chroot Jail 870
Troubleshooting 872
A Full-Functioned Nameserver 873
A Slave Server 877
A Split Horizon Server 878
Chapter Summary 883
Exercises 883
Advanced Exercises 884
Chapter 26: firestarter and iptables: Setting
Up a Firewall 885
About firestarter 886
Prerequisites 886
Notes 887
More Information 888
JumpStart: Building a Firewall Using the firestarter Firewall Wizard 888
firestarter: Maintains a Firewall 890
The Status Tab 890
The Events Tab 892
The Policy Tab 894
How iptables Works 896
About iptables 899
More Information 899
Prerequisites 899
Notes 899
Anatomy of an iptables Command 900
Building a Set of Rules 901
Commands 901
Packet Match Criteria 903
Display Criteria 903
Match Extensions 903
Targets 906
Copying Rules to and from the Kernel 907
Sharing an Internet Connection Using NAT 908
Connecting Several Clients to a Single Internet Connection 910
Connecting Several Servers to a Single Internet Connection 912
Chapter Summary 912
Exercises 913
Advanced Exercises 913
Chapter 27: Apache: Setting Up a Web Server 915
Introduction 916
About Apache 917
Prerequisites 917
More Information 918
Notes 918
JumpStart: Getting Apache Up and Running 919
Modifying the Configuration Files 919
Testing Apache 920
Putting Your Content in Place 920
Configuring Apache 921
Configuration Tools 921
Include Directives 922
Filesystem Layout 923
Configuration Directives 925
Directives I: Directives You May Want to Modify as You Get Started 926
Contexts and Containers 931
Directives II: Advanced Directives 935
The Ubuntu apache2.conf File 948
The Ubuntu default Configuration File 950
Redirects 951
Content Negotiation 951
Type Maps 951
MultiViews 952
Server-Generated Directory Listings (Indexing) 953
Virtual Hosts 953
Setting Up a Virtual Host 954
Types of Virtual Hosts 954
The default Virtual Host 954
Examples 954
Troubleshooting 956
Modules 957
mod_cgi and CGI Scripts 958
mod_ssl 959
Authentication Modules and .htaccess 961
Scripting Modules 962
Multiprocessing Modules (MPMs) 963
webalizer: Analyzes Web Traffic 964
MRTG: Monitors Traffic Loads 964
Error Codes 964
Chapter Summary 965
Exercises 966
Advanced Exercises 966
PART VI Appendixes 969
Appendix A: Regular Expressions 971
Characters 972
Delimiters 972
Simple Strings 972
Special Characters 972
Periods 973
Brackets 973
Asterisks 974
Carets and Dollar Signs 974
Quoting Special Characters 975
Rules 975
Longest Match Possible 975
Empty Regular Expressions 976
Bracketing Expressions 976
The Replacement String 976
Ampersand 977
Quoted Digit 977
Extended Regular Expressions 977
Appendix Summary 979
Appendix B: Help 981
Solving a Problem 982
Finding Linux-Related Information 983
Documentation 983
Useful Linux Sites 984
Linux Newsgroups 985
Mailing Lists 985
Words 986
Software 986
Office Suites and Word Processors 988
Specifying a Terminal 988
Appendix C: Security 991
Encryption 992
Public Key Encryption 993
Symmetric Key Encryption 994
Encryption Implementation 995
GnuPG/PGP 995
File Security 997
Email Security 997
MTAs (Mail Transfer Agents) 997
MUAs (Mail User Agents) 998
Network Security 998
Network Security Solutions 999
Network Security Guidelines 999
Host Security 1001
Login Security 1002
Remote Access Security 1003
Viruses and Worms 1004
Physical Security 1004
Security Resources 1006
Appendix Summary 1009
Appendix D: The Free Software Definition 1011
Appendix E: The Linux 2.6 Kernel 1015
Native Posix Thread Library (NPTL) 1016
IPSecurity (IPSec) 1016
Asynchronous I/O (AIO) 1016
O(1) Scheduler 1017
OProfile 1017
kksymoops 1017
Reverse Map Virtual Memory (rmap VM) 1017
HugeTLBFS: Translation Look-Aside Buffer Filesystem 1018
remap_file_pages 1018
2.6 Network Stack Features (IGMPv3, IPv6, and Others) 1018
Internet Protocol Virtual Server (IPVS) 1019
Access Control Lists (ACLs) 1019
4GB-4GB Memory Split: Physical Address Extension (PAE) 1019
Scheduler Support for HyperThreaded CPUs 1019
Block I/O (BIO) Block Layer 1019
Support for Filesystems Larger Than 2 Terabytes 1020
New I/O Elevators 1020
Interactive Scheduler Response Tuning 1020
Glossary 1021
Index 1071


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High Performance Linux Clusters with OSCAR, Rocks, OpenMosix, and MPI

By Joseph D. Sloan

Publisher : O'Reilly
ISBN : 0-596-00570-9
Pages : 360

This new guide covers everything you need to plan, build, and deploy a high-performance Linux cluster. You'll learn about planning, hardware choices, bulk installation of Linux on multiple systems, and other basic considerations. Learn about the major free software projects and how to choose those that are most helpful to new cluster administrators and programmers. Guidelines for debugging, profiling, performance tuning, and managing jobs from multiple users round out this immensely useful book.

Copyright
Preface
Audience
Organization
Conventions
How to Contact Us
Using Code Examples
Acknowledgments
Part I: An Introduction to Clusters
Chapter 1. Cluster Architecture
Section 1.1. Modern Computing and the Role of Clusters
Section 1.2. Types of Clusters
Section 1.3. Distributed Computing and Clusters
Section 1.4. Limitations
Section 1.5. My Biases
Chapter 2. Cluster Planning
Section 2.1. Design Steps
Section 2.2. Determining Your Cluster's Mission
Section 2.3. Architecture and Cluster Software
Section 2.4. Cluster Kits
Section 2.5. CD-ROM-Based Clusters
Section 2.6. Benchmarks
Chapter 3. Cluster Hardware
Section 3.1. Design Decisions
Section 3.2. Environment
Chapter 4. Linux for Clusters
Section 4.1. Installing Linux
Section 4.2. Configuring Services
Section 4.3. Cluster Security
Part II: Getting Started Quickly
Chapter 5. openMosix
Section 5.1. What Is openMosix?
Section 5.2. How openMosix Works
Section 5.3. Selecting an Installation Approach
Section 5.4. Installing a Precompiled Kernel
Section 5.5. Using openMosix
Section 5.6. Recompiling the Kernel
Section 5.7. Is openMosix Right for You?
Chapter 6. OSCAR
Section 6.1. Why OSCAR?
Section 6.2. What's in OSCAR
Section 6.3. Installing OSCAR
Section 6.4. Security and OSCAR
Section 6.5. Using switcher
Section 6.6. Using LAM/MPI with OSCAR
Chapter 7. Rocks
Section 7.1. Installing Rocks
Section 7.2. Managing Rocks
Section 7.3. Using MPICH with Rocks
Part III: Building Custom Clusters
Chapter 8. Cloning Systems
Section 8.1. Configuring Systems
Section 8.2. Automating Installations
Section 8.3. Notes for OSCAR and Rocks Users
Chapter 9. Programming Software
Section 9.1. Programming Languages
Section 9.2. Selecting a Library
Section 9.3. LAM/MPI
Section 9.4. MPICH
Section 9.5. Other Programming Software
Section 9.6. Notes for OSCAR Users
Section 9.7. Notes for Rocks Users
Chapter 10. Management Software
Section 10.1. C3
Section 10.2. Ganglia
Section 10.3. Notes for OSCAR and Rocks Users
Chapter 11. Scheduling Software
Section 11.1. OpenPBS
Section 11.2. Notes for OSCAR and Rocks Users
Chapter 12. Parallel Filesystems
Section 12.1. PVFS
Section 12.2. Using PVFS
Section 12.3. Notes for OSCAR and Rocks Users
Part IV: Cluster Programming
Chapter 13. Getting Started with MPI
Section 13.1. MPI
Section 13.2. A Simple Problem
Section 13.3. An MPI Solution
Section 13.4. I/O with MPI
Section 13.5. Broadcast Communications
Chapter 14. Additional MPI Features
Section 14.1. More on Point-to-Point Communication
Section 14.2. More on Collective Communication
Section 14.3. Managing Communicators
Section 14.4. Packaging Data
Chapter 15. Designing Parallel Programs
Section 15.1. Overview
Section 15.2. Problem Decomposition
Section 15.3. Mapping Tasks to Processors
Section 15.4. Other Considerations
Chapter 16. Debugging Parallel Programs
Section 16.1. Debugging and Parallel Programs
Section 16.2. Avoiding Problems
Section 16.3. Programming Tools
Section 16.4. Rereading Code
Section 16.5. Tracing with printf
Section 16.6. Symbolic Debuggers
Section 16.7. Using gdb and ddd with MPI
Section 16.8. Notes for OSCAR and Rocks Users
Chapter 17. Profiling Parallel Programs
Section 17.1. Why Profile?
Section 17.2. Writing and Optimizing Code
Section 17.3. Timing Complete Programs
Section 17.4. Timing C Code Segments
Section 17.5. Profilers
Section 17.6. MPE
Section 17.7. Customized MPE Logging
Section 17.8. Notes for OSCAR and Rocks Users
Part V: Appendix
Appendix A. References
Section A.1. Books
Section A.2. URLs
Colophon
Index


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Resource Allocation in the Grid A Market Engineering Approach

Contents
I Foundations1
1 Introduction3
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
1.2 Objectives and Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
1.3 Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
2 Grid Technologies9
2.1 Evolution of Grid Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
2.1.1 First Generation Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
2.1.2 Second Generation Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
2.1.3 Third Generation Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
2.2 Open Grid Services Architecture - State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
2.2.1 Service Oriented Architectures and Web Services . . . . . . . . . .16
2.2.2 OGSA Platform Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
2.2.3 Globus Toolkit 4 as a Reference Implementation . . . . . . . . . .20
2.3 Resource Management in Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
2.3.1 Requirements upon a Resource Allocation Manager . . . . . . . . .23
2.3.2 Resource Allocation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
2.3.2.1Stage 1 - Resource Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
2.3.2.2Stage 2 - Resource Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
2.3.2.3Stage 3 - Resource Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
3 Moving Markets to the Grid31
3.1 Why Markets for the Grid? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
3.1.1 Community Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
3.1.2 Priority Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
3.1.3 Fixed Pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
3.1.4 Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.2 Foundations of Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.2.1 Microeconomic System Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.2.1.1Economic Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
3.2.1.2Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
3.2.1.3Agent Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
3.2.1.4System Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
3.2.2 Mechanism Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
3.2.2.1Revelation Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
3.2.2.2Vickrey-Clarke-Groves Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . .45
3.2.2.3Impossibility Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
3.2.3 Practical Mechanism Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
3.2.3.1Negotiations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
3.2.3.2Auctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
3.3 Market Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
3.3.1 Stage 1 - Environmental Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
3.3.2 Stage 2 - Design and Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
3.3.3 Stage 3 - Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
3.3.4 Stage 4 - Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
4 Environmental Analysis57
4.1 Environment De nition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
4.1.1 Trading Object De nition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
4.1.2 Market Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
4.1.3 Market Targeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
4.1.4 Potential Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
4.2 Requirement Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
4.3 Meeting the Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
4.3.1 Market Mechanisms for Load Balancing and Parallel Computing . .63
4.3.1.1PDP Auctions at Harvard University . . . . . . . . . . .63
4.3.1.2Ferguson's Load Balancing Approach . . . . . . . . . .64
4.3.1.3The Spawn System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
4.3.1.4Popcorn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
4.3.1.5Resource Coordination with ADAMCO . . . . . . . . .65
4.3.1.6Re ection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
4.3.2 Market Mechanisms for Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
4.3.2.1Nimrod/G and the Computational Economy . . . . . . .67
4.3.2.2G-Commerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
4.3.2.3The Open Computation Exchange and Arbitration Network 68
4.3.2.4CATNETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
4.3.2.5Grosu and Das Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
4.3.2.6The tsfGrid Auction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
4.3.2.7Re ection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
II Design and Implementation77
5 Design of a Grid Market Mechanism79
5.1 Design Space for Combinatorial Auctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
5.1.1 Combinatorial Bidding Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
5.1.2 Single Sided Combinatorial Auctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
5.1.2.1Winner Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
5.1.2.2Generalized Vickrey Auction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
5.1.2.3Pricing Per Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
5.1.2.4Iterative Combinatorial Auctions . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
5.1.3 Combinatorial Exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
5.1.3.1Winner Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
5.1.3.2Pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
5.1.4 Re ection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
5.2 MACE: A Multi-Attribute Combinatorial Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
5.2.1 Bidding Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
5.2.2 Winner Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
5.2.2.1Mixed Integer Program Formulation . . . . . . . . . . .97
5.2.2.2Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.2.3 Pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2.3.1VCG Pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.2.3.2Approximated VCG Pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.2.3.3K-Pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6 Implementation of the Market Mechanism107
6.1 Solving the Winner Determination Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.1.1 Exact Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.1.2 Tractable Special Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
6.1.3 Approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
6.1.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.2 The MACE Market Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
6.2.1 Architectural Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
6.2.1.1External Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.2.1.2Management Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.2.1.3Mechanism Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.2.1.4Third Party Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.2.2 Application Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.2.2.1CATNETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.2.2.2Ontology-driven Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.3 Preliminary Requirement Satisfaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
III Evaluation117
7 Simulation Design119
7.1 Principles of Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.1.1 Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
7.1.2 Stages in a Simulation Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.2 Problem De nition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.2.1 Optimal Winner Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.2.1.1Computational Tractability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.2.1.2Allocative Ef ciency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
7.2.1.3Incentive Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
7.2.2 Approximated Winner Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.2.2.1Allocative Ef ciency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.2.2.2Incentive Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
7.2.3 Re ection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
7.3 Simulation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.3.1 Economic Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.3.2 Market Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.3.3 Behavior of Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.4 Bidding Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.4.1 Generating Domain Independent Bids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.4.2 Generating Realistic Bids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7.4.3 Simulation Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
7.5 Model Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
7.5.1 jCase - Java Combinatorial Auction Simulation Environment . . . 134
7.5.2 Veri cation and Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.5.2.1Veri cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.5.2.2Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8 Simulation Results139
8.1 Optimal Winner Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.1.1 Computational Tractability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.1.2 Manipulating Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
8.1.2.1Ef ciency Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
8.1.2.2K-Price Incentive Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
8.1.2.3Approximated VCG Incentive Compatibility . . . . . . . 149
8.1.2.4Re ection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
8.2 Approximated Winner Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
8.2.1 Ef ciency Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
8.2.2 Incentive Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
8.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
9 Summary and Future Work161
9.1 Review of this Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
9.2 Open Questions and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
9.2.1 Limitations and Potential Extensions of this Approach . . . . . . . 163
9.2.2 Real World Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Appendix169
A Proof of MACE Properties169
B Simulation Appendix173
B.1 CPLEX Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
B.2 Results: Optimal Winner Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
B.2.1 Ef ciency Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
B.2.2 Manipulating Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
B.2.2.1 K-Price Incentive Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
B.2.2.2 Approximated VCG Incentive Compatibility . . . . . . . 174
B.3 Results: Approximated Winner Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Bibliography179

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Essential Mathematics for Games and Interactive Applications

Contents
Preface xix
Introduction xxiii
Chapter 1
Real-World Computer Number Representation 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Representing Real Numbers 2
1.2.1 Approximations 2
1.2.2 Precision and Error 3
1.3 Floating-Point Numbers 4
1.3.1 Review: Scientific Notation 4
1.3.2 A Restricted Scientific Notation 5
1.4 Binary “Scientific Notation” 6
1.5 IEEE 754 Floating-Point Standard 9
1.5.1 Basic Representation 9
1.5.2 Range and Precision 11
1.5.3 Arithmetic Operations 13
1.5.4 Special Values 16
1.5.5 Very Small Values 19
1.5.6 Catastrophic Cancelation 22
1.5.7 Double Precision 24
1.6 Real-World Floating-Point 25
1.6.1 Internal FPU Precision 25
1.6.2 Performance 26
1.6.3 IEEE Specification Compliance 29
1.6.4 Graphics Processing Units and Half-Precision
Floating-Point Formats 31
1.7 Code 32
1.8 Chapter Summary 33
Chapter 2
Vectors and Points 35
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Vectors 36
2.2.1 Geometric Vectors 36
2.2.2 Linear Combinations 39
2.2.3 Vector Representation 40
2.2.4 Basic Vector Class Implementation 42
2.2.5 Vector Length 44
2.2.6 Dot Product 47
2.2.7 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization 51
2.2.8 Cross Product 53
2.2.9 Triple Products 56
2.2.10 Real Vector Spaces 59
2.2.11 Basis Vectors 62
2.3 Points 63
2.3.1 Points as Geometry 64
2.3.2 Affine Spaces 66
2.3.3 Affine Combinations 68
2.3.4 Point Implementation 70
2.3.5 Polar and Spherical Coordinates 72
2.4 Lines 75
2.4.1 Definition 75
2.4.2 Parameterized Lines 76
2.4.3 Generalized Line Equation 77
2.4.4 Collinear Points 79
2.5 Planes 80
2.5.1 Parameterized Planes 80
2.5.2 Generalized Plane Equation 80
2.5.3 Coplanar Points 82
2.6 Polygons and Triangles 82
2.7 Chapter Summary 86
Chapter 3
Matrices and Linear Transformations 87
3.1 Introduction 87
3.2 Matrices 88
3.2.1 Introduction to Matrices 88
3.2.2 Simple Operations 90
3.2.3 Vector Representation 92
3.2.4 Block Matrices 92
3.2.5 Matrix Product 94
3.2.6 Identity Matrix 96
3.2.7 Performing Vector Operations with Matrices 97
3.2.8 Implementation 98
3.3 Linear Transformations 101
3.3.1 Definitions 101
3.3.2 Null Space and Range 103
3.3.3 Linear Transformations and Basis Vectors 104
3.3.4 Matrices and Linear Transformations 106
3.3.5 Combining Linear Transformations 108
3.4 Systems of Linear Equations 110
3.4.1 Definition 110
3.4.2 Solving Linear Systems 112
3.4.3 Gaussian Elimination 113
3.5 Matrix Inverse 117
3.5.1 Definition 117
3.5.2 Simple Inverses 120
3.6 Determinant 121
3.6.1 Definition 121
3.6.2 Computing the Determinant 123
3.6.3 Determinants and Elementary Row Operations 126
3.6.4 Adjoint Matrix and Inverse 128
3.7 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 129
3.8 Chapter Summary 130
Chapter 4
Affine Transformations 133
4.1 Introduction 133
4.2 Affine Transformations 134
4.2.1 Matrix Definition 134
4.2.2 Formal Definition 136
4.2.3 Formal Representation 138
4.3 Standard Affine Transformations 139
4.3.1 Translation 139
4.3.2 Rotation 141
4.3.3 Scaling 150
4.3.4 Reflection 151
4.3.5 Shear 154
4.3.6 Applying an Affine Transformation Around an
Arbitrary Point 156
4.3.7 Transforming Plane Normals 158
4.4 Using Affine Transformations 159
4.4.1 Manipulation of Game Objects 159
4.4.2 Matrix Decomposition 164
4.4.3 Avoiding Matrix Decomposition 166
6.3 Projective Transformation 212
6.3.1 Definition 212
6.3.2 Normalized Device Coordinates 216
6.3.3 View Frustum 216
6.3.4 Homogeneous Coordinates 220
6.3.5 Perspective Projection 221
6.3.6 Oblique Perspective 228
6.3.7 Orthographic Parallel Projection 231
6.3.8 Oblique Parallel Projection 232
6.4 Culling and Clipping 235
6.4.1 Why Cull or Clip? 235
6.4.2 Culling 238
6.4.3 General Plane Clipping 239
6.4.4 Homogeneous Clipping 244
6.5 Screen Transformation 246
6.5.1 Pixel Aspect Ratio 248
6.6 Picking 249
6.7 Management of Viewing Transformations 252
6.8 Chapter Summary 254
Chapter 7
Geometry and Programmable Shading 255
7.1 Introduction 255
7.2 Color Representation 257
7.2.1 RGB Color Model 257
7.2.2 Colors as “Vectors” 257
7.2.3 Color Range Limitation 258
7.2.4 Operations on Colors 259
7.2.5 Alpha Values 260
7.2.6 Color Storage Formats 264
7.3 Points and Vertices 266
7.3.1 Per-Vertex Attributes 266
7.3.2 An Object’s Vertices 267
7.4 Surface Representation 270
7.4.1 Vertices and Surface Ambiguity 270
7.4.2 Triangles 271
7.4.3 Connecting Vertices into Triangles 271
7.4.4 Drawing Geometry 274
7.5 Rendering Pipeline 275
7.5.1 Fixed-Function versus Programmable Pipelines 277
7.6 Shaders 278
7.6.1 Using Shaders to Move from Vertex to Triangle
to Fragment 278
7.6.2 Shader Input and Output Values 279
7.6.3 Shader Operations and Language Constructs 280
7.7 Vertex Shaders 280
7.7.1 Vertex Shader Inputs 280
7.7.2 Vertex Shader Outputs 281
7.7.3 Basic Vertex Shaders 282
7.7.4 Linking Vertex and Fragment Shaders 282
7.8 Fragment Shaders 283
7.8.1 Fragment Shader Inputs 283
7.8.2 Fragment Shader Outputs 284
7.8.3 Compiling, Linking, and Using Shaders 284
7.8.4 Setting Uniform Values 286
7.9 Basic Coloring Methods 287
7.9.1 Per-Object Colors 288
7.9.2 Per-Vertex Colors 288
7.9.3 Per-Triangle Colors 290
7.9.4 Sharp Edges and Vertex Colors 290
7.9.5 More about Basic Shading 291
7.9.6 Limitations of Basic Shading Methods 292
7.10 Texture Mapping 292
7.10.1 Introduction 292
7.10.2 Shading via Image Lookup 293
7.10.3 Texture Images 294
7.10.4 Texture Samplers 297
7.11 Texture Coordinates 297
7.11.1 Mapping Texture Coordinates onto Objects 298
7.11.2 Generating Texture Coordinates 300
7.11.3 Texture Coordinate Discontinuities 301
7.11.4 Mapping Outside the Unit Square 302
7.11.5 Texture Samplers in Shader Code 309
7.12 The Steps of Texturing 309
7.12.1 Other Forms of Texture Coordinates 310
7.12.2 From Texture Coordinates to a Texture Sample Color 311
7.13 Limitations of Static Shading 312
7.14 Chapter Summary 313
Chapter 8
Lighting 315
8.1 Introduction 315
8.2 Basics of Light Approximation 316
8.2.1 Measuring Light 317
8.2.2 Light as a Ray 318
8.3 A Simple Approximation of Lighting 318
8.4 Types of Light Sources 319
8.4.1 Directional Lights 320
8.4.2 Point Lights 321
8.4.3 Spotlights 327
8.4.4 Other Types of Light Sources 330
8.5 Surface Materials and Light Interaction 331
8.6 Categories of Light 332
8.6.1 Emission 332
8.6.2 Ambient 332
8.6.3 Diffuse 334
8.6.4 Specular 338
8.7 Combined Lighting Equation 343
8.8 Lighting and Shading 348
8.8.1 Flat-Shaded Lighting 349
8.8.2 Per-Vertex Lighting 350
8.8.3 Per-Fragment Lighting 354
8.9 Textures and Lighting 358
8.9.1 Basic Modulation 359
8.9.2 Specular Lighting and Textures 360
8.9.3 Textures as Materials 362
8.10 Advanced Lighting 363
8.10.1 Normal Mapping 363
8.11 Reflective Objects 366
8.12 Shadows 367
8.13 Chapter Summary 368
Chapter 9
Rasterization 369
9.1 Introduction 369
9.2 Displays and Framebuffers 370
9.3 Conceptual Rasterization Pipeline 371
9.3.1 Rasterization Stages 372
9.4 Determining the Fragments: Pixels Covered by a Triangle 373
9.4.1 Fragments 373
9.4.2 Depth Complexity 373
9.4.3 Converting Triangles to Fragments 375
9.4.4 Handling Partial Fragments 376
9.5 Determining Visible Geometry 378
9.5.1 Depth Buffering 378
9.5.2 Depth Buffering in Practice 387
9.6 Computing Fragment Shader Inputs 388
9.6.1 Uniform Values 389
9.6.2 Per-Vertex Attributes 389
11.2 Probability 493
11.2.1 Basic Probability 494
11.2.2 Random Variables 497
11.2.3 Mean and Standard Deviation 501
11.2.4 Special Probability Distributions 502
11.3 Determining Randomness 505
11.3.1 Chi-Square Test 506
11.3.2 Spectral Test 512
11.4 Random Number Generators 513
11.4.1 Linear Congruential Methods 516
11.4.2 Lagged Fibonacci Methods 520
11.4.3 Carry Methods 521
11.4.4 Mersenne Twister 523
11.4.5 Conclusions 526
11.5 Special Applications 527
11.5.1 Integers and Ranges of Integers 527
11.5.2 Floating-Point Numbers 528
11.5.3 Nonuniform Distributions 528
11.5.4 Spherical Sampling 530
11.5.5 Disc Sampling 532
11.5.6 Noise and Turbulence 534
11.6 Chapter Summary 538
Chapter 12
Intersection Testing 541
12.1 Introduction 541
12.2 Closest Point and Distance Tests 542
12.2.1 Closest Point on Line to Point 542
12.2.2 Line–Point Distance 544
12.2.3 Closest Point on Line Segment to Point 545
12.2.4 Line Segment–Point Distance 546
12.2.5 Closest Points Between Two Lines 548
12.2.6 Line–Line Distance 550
12.2.7 Closest Points Between Two Line Segments 551
12.2.8 Line Segment–Line Segment Distance 553
12.2.9 General Linear Components 554
12.3 Object Intersection 554
12.3.1 Spheres 556
12.3.2 Axis-Aligned Bounding Boxes 563
12.3.3 Swept Spheres 571
12.3.4 Object-Oriented Boxes 576
12.3.5 Triangles 583
12.4 A Simple Collision System 588
12.4.1 Choosing a Base Primitive 589
12.4.2 Bounding Hierarchies 590
12.4.3 Dynamic Objects 591
12.4.4 Performance Improvements 593
12.4.5 Related Systems 596
12.4.6 Section Summary 599
12.5 Chapter Summary 599
Chapter 13
Rigid Body Dynamics 601
13.1 Introduction 601
13.2 Linear Dynamics 602
13.2.1 Moving with Constant Acceleration 602
13.2.2 Forces 605
13.2.3 Linear Momentum 606
13.2.4 Moving with Variable Acceleration 607
13.3 Numerical Integration 609
13.3.1 Definition 609
13.3.2 Euler’s Method 611
13.3.3 Runge-Kutta Methods 614
13.3.4 Verlet Integration 616
13.3.5 Implicit Methods 619
13.3.6 Semi-Implicit Methods 621
13.4 Rotational Dynamics 622
13.4.1 Definition 622
13.4.2 Orientation and Angular Velocity 622
13.4.3 Torque 625
13.4.4 Angular Momentum and Inertia Tensor 626
13.4.5 Integrating Rotational Quantities 628
13.5 Collision Response 630
13.5.1 Contact Generation 630
13.5.2 Linear Collision Response 634
13.5.3 Rotational Collision Response 638
13.5.4 Extending the System 640
13.6 Efficiency 643
13.7 Chapter Summary 645
Bibliography 647
Index 655
Trademarks 671
About the CD-Rom 672

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Membongkar Gurita Cikeas; Di Balik Skandal Bank Century

PENGANTAR PENERBIT
Ong Yuliana : “Pokoke saiki (pokoknya sekarang) SBY mendukung.
SBY itu mendukung Ritonga lho“
Anggodo : Koen ngarang ae! (Kamu ngarang aja nih!)
Ong Yuliana : “Harus ditegakno, ngarang yo opo sih? (harus
ditegakkan, ngarang gimana sih)?
Ong Yuliana : “Ini Pak SBY ngerti (tahu). SBY mendukung
kita.”
Pembicaraan antara Anggodo Widjojo dan Ong Juliana Gunawan
yang berhasil disadap KPK sontak menggegerkan publik tanah
air. Kecurigaan pun menyeruak, jangan-jangan Presiden Soesilo
Bambang Yudhoyono terlibat dalam lingkaran makelar kasus
(markus). Wajar apabila opini miring itu tercetus, karena nama
SBY terang-terangan disebut oleh Ong Juliana yang hingga
kini tak tahu rimbanya. Uniknya, meski namanya jelas-jelas
dicatut, namun SBY terkesan tenang-tenang saja. Padahal, bisa
saja SBY menuntut perempuan yang disebut-sebut pernah
tersangkut kasus narkoba itu, atas tuduhan pencemaran nama
baik. Tuntutan yang sama sewaktu SBY melaporkan Zaenal
Maarif. Ujung-ujungnya, inkonsistensi sikap SBY itu menuai
kekecewaan banyak pihak. Mengapa SBY tidak tegas bahkan
cenderung bersikap tebang pilih?
Badai kecil yang menerjang periode 100 hari kepemimpin an
SBY itu tak dimungkiri berdampak pada menurunnya populari-
tas SBY sendiri di mata publik. Satu permasalahan belum usai,
kasus pelik kembali menghantam SBY berikut kendaraan
politiknya, Partai Demokrat. Apa lagi kalau bukan skandal Bank
Century yang belakangan kian bergulir panas. Kasus tersebut
menjadi heboh karena ada tudingan yang menyebutkan bahwa
kucuran dana talangan untuk Bank Century sebesar Rp 6,1
triliun mengalir ke tim sukses kampanye Partai Demokrat dan
Pemenangan SBY-Boediono pada Pemilu serta Pilpres 2009.
Tentu saja, dugaan itu bukan semata asal tuduh. Tim sukses
Partai Biru terindikasi nyrempet-nyrempet bahaya, mengingat
Hartati Murdaya dan Boedi Sampoerna yang notabene nasabah
kakap Bank Century adalah penyokong dana kampanye Partai
Demokrat.
Skandal Bank Century tak ayal menjadi pekerjaan rumah
bagi SBY. Ia harus bisa membuktikan janjinya sebagai panglima
di garda depan untuk memerangi korupsi. “Katakan Tidak untuk
Korupsi”, begitulah slogan yang didengungkan SBY, kader-
kader Demokrat dan tak terkecuali keluarga Cikeas. Namun
apakah tekad suci itu benar-benar diwujudkan secara serius?
Sepertinya, SBY terlebih dahulu menolehkan kepalanya ke
belakang. Tepatnya diarahkan kepada keluarga besarnya sendiri.
Jikalau ditelisik satu per satu, keluarga besar Cikeas menguasai
pos-pos strategis. Semisal Hartanto Edhie Wibowo, adik bungsu
Ny. Ani Yudhoyono menjabat sebagai Komisaris Utama PT
PowerTel dan Gatot Suwondo, kerabat Ny. Ani Yudhoyono yang
duduk sebagai Dirut BNI. Semua fasilitas dan kedudukan yang
menempel pada mereka sangatlah rentan membuka peluang
praktik KKN. Sungguh ironis, di satu sisi SBY meneriakkan anti
KKN, tapi di sisi lain, keluarga besarnya malah membuat jejaring
yang justru berpotensi menumbuh suburkan virus KKN.
Sekadar menyadarkan, inilah misi di balik diterbitkannya
buku “Membongkar Gurita Cikeas; Di Balik Skandal Bank Century”.
Kami tidak bermaksud menyerang lingkaran keluarga Cikeas.
Buku ini justru ditulis sebagai bentuk kepedulian kami untuk
memperbaiki kinerja pemerintahan SBY. Kami berharap agar
SBY benar-benar fair memberantas KKN tanpa pandang bulu,
sudah barang tentu perang terhadap KKN itu dimulai dari
keluarga besarnya. Jujur saja, konsistensi sikap SBY memerangi
kasus korupsi menuai pandangan skeptis dari banyak kalangan.
Ketidaktegasan SBY tergambar jelas dalam isi pidatonya terkait
penyelesaian kasus Bibit-Chandra. Banyak yang berpendapat,
solusi yang ditawarkan SBY serba abu-abu. Tak heran, bila Gus
Dur pun mempertanyakan keseriusan SBY,“Bukankah SBY
berkata akan memimpin sendiri pemberantasan korupsi di
negeri ini?”, ungkapnya di situs www.inilah.com.
Persoalannya, sanggupkah SBY memiliki mental tangan
besi untuk menyeret siapa saja yang tersangkut kasus korupsi?
Besar harapan kami agar SBY tegas memutus mata rantai gurita
KKN tanpa pandang bulu, sekalipun pelakunya itu kolega atau
kerabatnya sendiri.
Yogyakarta, Desember 2009

Daftar Isi
Kata Pengantar _____ 5
Da� ar Isi _____ 9
Membongkar Gurita Cikeas, di Balik Skandal Bank Century _____
13
Bantuan Grup Sampoerna untuk Harian Jurnas _____ 21
Pemanfaatan PSO LKBN Antara untuk Bravo Media Center _____
29
Yayasan-Yayasan yang Bera� liasi dengan SBY _____ 35
Kaitan dengan Bisnis Keluarga Cikeas _____ 44
Yayasan-yayasan yang Bera� liasi dengan Ny. Ani Yudhoyono
_____ 55
Pelanggaran-Pelanggaran UU Pemilu oleh Caleg-Caleg Partai
Demokrat _____ 65
Kesimpulan _____ 75
Lampiran _____ 83
Referensi _____ 177
Tentang Penulis _____ 181

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Utopia

Author’s Note

I would like to thank all the people involved with this book, and with this trilogy. It has been a long and complicated undertaking. Now, at long last, it is complete.
These three books would have been absolutely impossible if not for the prodigious literary output of the late Isaac Asimov, and if not for the prodigious popularity of his work. He is and will be greatly missed, and we are all in his debt. It has been an honor and a privilege to explore the ideas and the worlds he created.
Thanks as well to the editors who have labored over Caliban, Inferno, and Utopia. David Harris, John Betancourt, Leigh Grossman, and Keith R. A. DeCandido all worked to improve these books--and all succeeded. Thanks also to Susan Allison, Ginjer Buchanan, and Laura Anne Oilman of Ace Books, to Peter Heck, and to Byron Preiss, for their labors on my behalf.
And, of course, thanks as well to Eleanore Maury Fox. I hadn’t even met her when I started work on this trilogy. Now she is my wife. This is the spot where authors usually talk about the love, affection, and patience of their long-suffering spouses, and Eleanore certainly deserves thanks on all those counts. But I also got something else: very hard-edged, straightforward, professional editorial advice. It helped a lot.
I now come to my sister Constance Witte, my brother Chris Allen, my brother-in-law Jim Witte, and my sister-in-law Edith Allen. This last book of the trilogy is dedicated to them, as the first one was dedicated to their children. (Except for one, and I’ll come to her in a minute.) Connie, Chris, Jim and Edie: thank you, for a list of things that would be longer than this book. Thanks as well to my parents, Tom and Scot tie Allen, and to my mother-in-law Elizabeth Maury, to my father-in-law David Fox, and to my brother-in-law, Carl Fox. The family just keeps getting bigger, and consequently I just keep getting luckier.
Speaking of families getting bigger, the newest member of it hadn’t quite arrived when I dedicated Caliban to my nieces and nephews. She deserves to be on the list. In closing, therefore, I would like amend that dedication to include Anna Patrice Allen. Welcome aboard, Anna.

Roger MacBride Allen
Brasilia. Brazil
November, 1995


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