Risk Management for IT Projects

Contents
Preface xv
Part I
Issues and Risk Management
Chapter 1
Introduction
Common IT-Related Problems 3
Why IT Efforts Fail 5
IT Differs from Other Types of Business Work 7
How IT and the Business Have Changed 8
IT and Politics 9
The Management View of IT 9
Issues and Risk 9
Types of Issues 10
The Life Cycle of an Issue 11
Some Common Problems in Issues Management 12
Issues Across Projects 12
Problems Versus Opportunities 13
The Goals of IT 13
Process Improvement and Reengineering 14
General Approach to Issues and Risk Management 15
vvi Contents
Organization of the Book 15
Conclusions 16
Chapter 2
Effective Issues Management and Coordination
Introduction 17
General Management of Issues 18
The Issues Databases 19
Getting Started 21
Defi ning Issues at the Start of Projects and Work 23
Tracking of Issues and Risk 24
User and Vendor Issue Coordination 27
Issue and Risk Communications and Reporting 27
Handling Issues Within the IT Organization 29
Decision Making and Follow-up 30
Dealing with Multiple Issues 30
Coping with Recurring Issues 31
Conclusions 32
Chapter 3
Analysis and Measurements of Issues and Risk
Introduction 33
Problems with Standard Measurements 34
Management Critical Path 35
Multiple Project Analysis 39
Tracking Status Using Issues and Risk 39
Total Issues 42
Open Issues 42
Uncontrolled Versus Controlled Open Issues 43
Aging of Open Issues 43
Average Time to Resolve Issues 44
Distribution of Open Issues by Type 45
Issues by Type over Time 46
Selection of Issues for Decisions and Actions 46
Perspective on Different Issues 47
Project Evaluation 48
Project Termination 48
Conclusions 49Contents vii
Part II
Internal Issues and Risk
Chapter 4
Teams
Introduction 53
Lack of Teamwork 54
Team Members or Departments That Do Not Get Along with One
Another 56
Team Members That Are Diffi cult to Manage 58
Wide Range of Experience and Knowledge Among Team
Members 60
Project or Work Leader Who Is Junior and Lacks
Experience 62
Substantial Turnover Among Team Members 64
Lack of Motivation 66
Not Much Communication Among Team Members and Outside of the
Team 67
New Team Member Has to Be Socialized into the Group 68
Team Member Performance That Does Not Seem to Improve over
Time 69
Too Much Time Spent in Meetings 70
Conclusions 71
Chapter 5
The Work
Introduction 73
Limited or No Guidelines for Using Methods and Tools 74
Tools That Are Used with No Structured Methods 76
Lack of Formal Reviews of Work and Too Much to
Review 78
Methods That Are Too Informal 79
Faulty Reporting on the Work 81
Lack of Planning for the Work 82
No Gathering of Experience from Performing the Work 83
New Tool to Be Introduced 85
Repetition of the Same Mistakes in the Work 86
People Who Work in a Single-Tasking Mode 87
Conclusions 88viii Contents
Chapter 6
Business Units
Introduction 89
Users Who Resist Change 90
Users Who Want the Technology but Do Not Want to Change 92
Business Processes That Have Too Many Exceptions 94
Many Shadow Systems in the Business Units 95
Many Variations in Use of the Same Process 97
Diffi culty Getting Qualifi ed Users to Join the Effort 98
Users Who Do Not Want to Assume Responsibility 99
Users Who Do Not Resolve Issues Quickly or Adequately 101
Users Who Dictate Solutions 102
User Management That Is Attempting to Manipulate IT to Gain More
Power 104
Users Who Change Requirements Frequently 105
Users Who Are Unwilling to Sign Off 107
Conclusions 109
Chapter 7
Management
Introduction 111
Management’s Unrealistic Expectations of Benefi ts and Impacts 111
Lack of Clear Goals 113
Management’s Frequent Changes of Direction 114
Decisions Being Made Without the Advice or Involvement of
the IT Managers 116
Substantial Turnover of Management 117
Management’s Pulling of Resources from Some IT Work and Reassigning
Them 118
Management’s Attempts to Micromanage the Work 120
Management’s Lack of Interest in IT Matters 121
Management’s Failure to Resolve Issues 122
Lack of a Strategic IT Plan 124
Lack of Alignment of IT to the Business 126
Conclusions 127
Chapter 8
Projects
Introduction 129
Projects That Do Not Seem to Start Out Right 129
Too Many Surprises in the Project 131Contents ix
Too Much Unplanned Work in the Project 133
Diffi culty Managing and Tracking Multiple Projects 134
Time-Consuming Project Administration 136
Project Leaders Who Lack Skills and Knowledge 137
Lack of Standard Project Reporting 139
Small Projects Not Being Treated as Projects 141
Larger Projects Being Divided Up in the Wrong Way 142
Too Many Projects 144
Not Knowing What Is Going On in the Project 145
Conclusions 146
Chapter 9
Resistance to Change
Introduction 147
Change That Does Not Fit Our Work 147
Having Tried Similar Things Before That Did Not Work 149
Lack of Incentive to Change 151
Change That Means More Work for the Same Compensation 152
Lack of Available Resources or Time to Support the Change 153
Technology or Change That Is Too Complicated 154
Possible Job Loss 155
Resisting Change Because What Has Been Done in the Past
Worked Well 157
Inability to Teach an Old Dog New Tricks 158
Change That Is Too Risky 159
No One Taking Responsibility When the Change Does Not Work 160
Conclusions 161
Part III
External Issues and Risks
Chapter 10
Vendors, Consultants, and Outsourcing
Introduction 165
Inadequate Vendor Performance 165
Vendor Staff Who Do Not Share Information 167
Vendors That Use Their Own Proprietary Methods and Tools 168
Vendors That Do Something Different from What They Agreed
to Do 169x Contents
Substantial Vendor Staff Turnover 170
Unstructured Vendor Communications 172
Vendor That Was Politically Selected by Management 173
Vendor That Does Not Resolve Issues 174
Vendor Team Leader Who Miscommunicates to Vendor Staff 175
Vendor That Overpromises 176
Vendor Staff Being Thinly Spread over Multiple Clients 177
Highly Unqualifi ed Vendor Staff 178
Conclusions 179
Chapter 11
Headquarters
Introduction 181
Headquarters Dictating a Solution 181
No Allowance for Resource Needs at the Local Level 183
Headquarters Attempting to Micromanage the Work in the
Business Unit 184
Lack of Understanding of the Cultural and Political Differences
Between Locations 185
Poor Communication Between the Business Unit and
Headquarters 186
Too Frequent Turnover and Change of Headquarters People 187
Headquarters Changing Direction Often During Implementation 189
Headquarters Being Infl exible in the General Implementation
of the Work 190
Headquarters Providing No Direction for the Work 191
Headquarters Not Providing the Necessary Funding 192
Issues and Questions Raised with Headquarters That Are Not
Being Addressed 193
Conclusions 194
Chapter 12
Technology
Introduction 195
Merging and Combining of Technology Vendors 195
Lack of Integration with the Technology 197
Lack of Time to Adequately Learn the New Technology 198
Unclear Benefi ts of the New Technology 200
Need for a Decision as to Whether to Adopt a New Technology 201
Incompatibility of the Technologies in Use and of Potential Use 204
Privacy Concerns 205Contents xi
New Technology Being Only an Incremental Improvement 206
Wide Range of Potential Technology Solutions 208
Vendor That Is Forcing an Upgrade 210
Lack of Standards 211
Technology That Is Changing Too Slowly or Too Rapidly 212
Conclusions 213
Part IV
Issues and Risks in Specifi c IT Activities
Chapter 13
IT Strategic Planning
Introduction 217
Lack of Management Interest Once the Plan Is Approved 218
Diffi culty Linking IT Planning Factors to the Business 219
High Management Expectations of the Planning Effort 221
Lack of a Defi ned Business Vision or Mission 222
Diffi culty Showing the Benefi ts of Technology Projects
in the Plan 224
Limited or No Resources to Do the Planning 225
Failure of Past Planning Efforts 226
Deciding Whether the IT Plan Should Be Business Driven
or IT Driven 227
Business Being Unclear About What They Would Get
from the Plan 228
Challenge in Turning Action Items in the Plan into Actions 229
Conclusions 230
Chapter 14
Analysis
Introduction 233
Incomplete Requirements 233
Inadequate Time to Gather Requirements 235
Users Lacking Knowledge of Their Own Processes 236
Users Not Being Creative in Developing Solutions 237
Unclear Benefi ts of the Work 239
Lack of Real Overall Measurement of the Process 240
Overly Formal and Unscalable Analysis Methods 241xii Contents
Original Stated Problem Not Being the Real Problem 243
Real Problems Being Political and Not Technical 244
Lack of a Real Downside If the Project Is Not Done 245
Conclusions 247
Chapter 15
Software Packages
Introduction 249
No Software Package That Fits the Requirements 250
Lack of Vendor Support in the Client Location 251
Software with No New Releases in Some Time 253
Deciding Whether or Not to Move to a New Release 254
Lack of Vendor Support for the Product 255
Software Package Vendor That Was Acquired by
Another Firm 257
Promised Features and Functions That Are Not There 258
Inadequate Product Documentation 259
Lack of Qualifi ed Training in Use of the Software Package 260
Limited Flexibility of the Software Package 261
Substantial Hidden Costs of the Software Package 263
Conclusions 264
Chapter 16
Development
Introduction 265
Overreliance on One Person 265
Departure of a Key Person 267
Development Performed ad hoc Without Adequate Design 268
Lack of Emphasis on Testing 269
Inadequate Tools 270
Developers Who Do Not Share Knowledge 273
Lack of In-Depth Review of Work 274
Users Who Regularly Contact Programmers Directly 276
Lack of Teamwork Among Developers 278
Developers Who Cannot Agree on the Details of the Technical
Approach 279
Few Guidelines for Doing the Work 280
Lack of Applying Past Knowledge and Experience 281
Developers Who Are Concentrating on the Easy Parts First 283
Conclusions 284Contents xiii
Chapter 17
Implementation
Introduction 285
Users Who Refuse to Accept Responsibility 285
Users Being Unavailable to Participate in the Implementation 287
Last-minute Requirement Changes 288
Lingering Issues 289
Resolved Issues That Become Unresolved 290
Incomplete or Unsuitable User Training 291
Users Who Resist Change During the Implementation 293
Users Who Continue to Work with the Old System 294
Problems with the Data Discovered During Data Conversion 295
User Management That Is Unwilling to Enforce Turnover
to the New Process 296
Inadequate User Testing 297
Conclusions 298
Chapter 18
Operations and Support
Introduction 299
Many IT Staff Members Preferring Operations Support to
Projects 299
Too Much Emergency Work 301
Some Staff Using Maintenance as a Chance to Redevelop
Software 303
Overly Cozy Relationship Between Some IT Managers and
Staff and Users 304
Overly Specialized Support Requirements 305
Lack of Measurement of Support and Maintenance 306
No Differentiation Between Maintenance and Enhancement 307
How Operations and Maintenance Should Be Managed 308
Conclusions 310
Appendix A: The Results of a Survey on IT Issues 311
Appendix B: The Magic Cross-Reference 319
Appendix C: Websites 321
Bibliography 323
Index 325

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Neural Networks in Business: Techniques and Applications

Table of Contents
Preface ....................................................................................................... vii
Kate A. Smith, Monash University, Australia
Jatinder N. D. Gupta, Ball State University, USA
Acknowledgements ...................................................................................... xi
Section I: Introduction
Chapter 1: Neural Networks for Business: An Introduction ................. 1
Kate A. Smith, Monash University, Australia
Section II: Applications to Retail Sales and Marketing
Chapter 2: Predicting Consumer Retail Sales Using Neural
Networks ....................................................................................................... 26
G. Peter Zhang, Georgia State University, USA
Min Qi, Kent State University, USA
Chapter 3: Using Neural Networks to Model Premium Price Sensitivity
of Automobile Insurance Customer ......................................................... 41
Ai Cheo Yeo, Kate A. Smith, and Robert J. Willis
Monash University, Australia
Malcolm Brooks, Australian Associated Motor Insurers, Australia
Chapter 4: A Neural Network Application to Identify High-Value
Customers for a Large Retail Store in Japan.......................................... 55
Edward Ip, University of Southern California, USA
Joseph Johnson, University of Miami, USA
Katsutoshi Yada, Kansai University, Japan
Yukinobu Hamuro, Osaka Sangyo University, Japan
Naoki Katoh, Kyoto University, Japan
Stephane Cheung, University of Southern California, USA
Chapter 5: Segmentation of the Portuguese Clients of Pousadas de
Portugal ....................................................................................................... 70
Margarida G. M. S. Cardoso, Instituto Superior de Ciências
do Trabalho e Emprego, Portugal
Fernando Moura-Pires, Universidade de Évora, Portugal
Chapter 6: Neural Networks for Target Selection in Direct
Marketing ..................................................................................................... 89
Rob Potharst and Uzay Kaymak
Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Wim Pijls, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Section III: Applications to Risk Assessment
Chapter 7: Prediction of Survival and Attrition of Click-and-Mortar
Corporations ............................................................................................... 112
Indranil Bose and Anurag Agarwal
University of Florida, USA
Chapter 8: Corporate Strategy and Wealth Creation: An Application of
Neural Network Analysis ......................................................................... 124
Caron H. St. John and Nagraj (Raju) Balakrishnan
Clemson University, USA
James O. Fiet, University of Louisville, USA
Chapter 9: Credit Rating Classification Using
Self-Organizing Maps ................................................................................ 140
Roger P. G. H. Tan, Robeco Group, The Netherlands
Jan van den Berg and Willem-Max van den Bergh
Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Chapter 10: Credit Scoring Using Supervised and Unsupervised Neural
Networks .....................................................................................................154
David West and Cornelius Muchineuta
East Carolina University, USA
Chapter 11: Predicting Automobile Insurance Losses Using ........... 167
Artificial Neural Networks
Fred L. Kitchens, Ball State University, USA
John D. Johnson, University of Mississippi, USA
Jatinder N. D. Gupta, Ball State University, USA
Section IV: Applications to Financial Markets
Chapter 12: Neural Networks for Technical Forecasting of Foreign
Exchange Rates .........................................................................................189
JingTao Yao, Massey University, New Zealand
Chew Lim Tan, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Chapter 13: Using Neural Networks to Discover Patterns in International
Equity Markets: A Case Study................................................................205
Mary E. Malliaris and Linda Salchenberger
Loyola University Chicago, USA
Chapter 14: Comparing Conventional and Artificial Neural
Network Models for the Pricing of Options ..........................................220
Paul Lajbcygier, Monash University, Australia
Chapter 15: Combining Supervised and Unsupervised Neural
Networks for Improved Cash Flow Forecasting ..................................236
Kate A. Smith and Larisa Lokmic
Monash University, Australia
About the Authors .....................................................................................245
Index .....................................................................................................255

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Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, Theory and Applications

Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgements xi
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Communication Puzzle 4
1.3 Applications of MANETs 7
1.4 Challenges 8
1.4.1 Scalability 9
1.4.2 Quality of Service 9
1.4.3 Client-Server Model Shift 10
1.4.4 Security 10
1.4.5 Interoperation with the Internet 11
1.4.6 Energy Conservation 11
1.4.7 Node (MH) Cooperation 12
1.4.8 Interoperation 12
1.5 Book Organization 13
1.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 16
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 17
References 17
2. Routing in Ad Hoc Networks 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Topology-Based versus Position-Based Approaches 20
2.3 Topology-Based Routing Protocols 22
2.3.1 Proactive Routing Approach 22
2.3.2 Reactive Routing Approach 28
2.3.3 Hybrid Routing Approach 37
2.3.4 Comparison 42
2.4 Position-Based Routing 42
2.4.1 Principles and Issues 43
2.4.2 Location Services 44
2.4.3 Forwarding Strategies 50
2.4.4 Comparisons 62
2.5 Other Routing Protocols 67
2.5.1 Signal Stability Routing 67
2.5.2 Power Aware Routing 68
2.5.3 Associativity-Based Routing 68
2.5.4 QoS Routing 69
2.6 Conclusion and Future Directions 74
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 75
References 75
3. Broadcasting, Multicasting and Geocasting 80
3.1 Introduction 80
3.2 The Broadcast Storm 82
3.2.1 Broadcasting in a MANET 83
3.2.2 Flooding-Generated Broadcast Storm 84
3.2.3 Redundancy Analysis 85
3.2.4 Rebroadcasting Schemes 87
3.3 Multicasting 97
3.3.1 Issues in Providing Multicast in a MANET 97
3.3.2 Multicast Routing Protocols 98
3.3.3 Comparison 124
3.4 Geocasting 124
3.4.1 Geocast Routing Protocols 126
3.4.2 Comparison 134
3.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 135
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 136
References 137
4. Wireless LANs 141
4.1 Introduction 141
4.2 Why Wireless LANs 142
4.3 Transmission Techniques 144
4.3.1 Wired 144
4.3.2 Wireless 145
4.4 Medium Access Control Protocol Issues 150
4.4.1 Hidden Terminal Problem 150
4.4.2 Reliability 152
4.4.3 Collision Avoidance 153
4.4.4 Congestion Avoidance 153
4.4.5 Congestion Control 154
4.4.6 Energy Efficiency 154
4.4.7 Other MAC Issues 155
4.5 The IEEE 802.11 Standard for Wireless LANs 155
4.5.1 Network Architecture 158
4.5.2 The Physical Layer 159
4.5.3 The MAC Layer 172
4.5.4 Security 187
4.5.5 System Design Considerations 192
4.5.6 An Overview of Past and Present IEEE 802.11 Efforts.. 195
4.5.7 The IEEE 802.lie MAC Protocol 201
4.6 Enhancement to IEEE 802.11 MAC 205
4.6.1 Power Control 205
4.6.2 Spatial Reusability 210
4.6.3 QoS Provisioning 215
4.7 The HIPERLAN/2 Standard for Wireless LANs 218
4.7.1 Physical Layer 218
4.7.2 MAC Layer 220
4.8 Conclusions and Future Directions 222
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 222
References 223
5. Wireless PANs 227
5.1 Introduction 227
5.2 Why Wireless PANs 228
5.3 The Bluetooth Technology 229
5.3.1 History and Applications 230
5.3.2 Technical Overview 231
5.3.3 The Bluetooth Specifications 238
5.3.4 Piconet Synchronization and Bluetooth Clocks 241
5.3.5 Master-Slave Switch 242
5.3.6 Bluetooth Security 243
5.4 Enhancements to Bluetooth 252
5.4.1 Bluetooth Interference Issues 252
5.4.2 Intra and Inter Piconet Scheduling 258
5.4.3 Bridge Selection 270
5.4.4 Traffic Engineering 274
5.4.5 QoS and Dynamic Slot Assignment 278
5.4.6 Scatternet Formation 280
5.5 The IEEE 802.15 Working Group for WPANs 282
5.5.1 The IEEE 802.15.3 284
5.5.2 The IEEE 802.15.4 287
5.6 Comparison between WPAN Systems 293
5.6.1 Range 293
5.6.2 Data Rate 294
5.6.3 Support for Voice 294
5.6.4 Support for LAN Integration 295
5.6.5 Power Management 295
5.6.6 Comparison and Summary of Results 296
5.7 WLANs versus WPANs 297
5.8 Conclusion and Future Directions 299
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 299
References 300
6. Directional Antenna Systems 305
6.1 Introduction 305
6.2 Antenna Concepts 307
6.2.1 Gain 308
6.2.2 Radiation Pattern 309
6.2.3 Beam Width 310
6.3 Evolution of Directional Antenna Systems 310
6.3.1 Sectorized Antenna Systems 310
6.3.2 Diversity Antenna Systems 311
6.3.3 Smart Antenna Systems 311
6.4 Advantages of Using Directional Antennas 314
6.5 Directional Antennas for Ad Hoc Networks 315
6.5.1 Antenna Models 316
6.6 Protocol Issues on the Use of Directional Antennas 319
6.6.1 Directional Neighborhood 320
6.6.2 New Types of Hidden Terminal Problems 321
6.6.3 Deafness 325
6.7 Broadcasting 326
6.7.1 Broadcasting Protocols 327
6.8 Medium Access Control 333
6.8.1 Single Channel 333
6.8.2 Multi-Channel 343
6.8.3 Other Protocols 345
6.9 Routing 347
6.9.1 Protocols 347
6.10 Conclusions and Future Directions 350
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 351
References 352
7. TCP over Ad Hoc Networks 354
7.1 Introduction 354
7.2 TCP Protocol Overview 355
7.2.1 Designed and Fine-Tuned to Wired Networks 356
7.2.2 TCP Basics 357
7.2.3 TCP Header Format 358
7.2.4 Congestion Control 361
7.2.5 Round-Trip Time Estimation 363
7.3 TCP and MANETs 364
7.3.1 Effects of Partitions on TCP 366
7.3.2 Impact of Lower Layers on TCP 370
7.4 Solutions for TCP over Ad Hoc 383
7.4.1 Mobility-Related 383
7.4.2 Fairness-Related 389
7.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 396
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 399
References 400
8. Wireless Sensor Networks 403
8.1 Introduction 403
8.2 The Mica Mote 405
8.3 Sensing and Communication Range 405
8.4 Design Issues 408
8.4.1 Challenges 412
8.5 Energy Consumption 416
8.6 Clustering of Sensors 420
8.6.1 Regularly placed sensors 421
8.6.2 Heterogeneous WSNs 425
8.6.3 Mobile Sensors 426
8.7 Applications 429
8.7.1 Habitat Monitoring 430
8.7.2 A Remote Ecological Micro-Sensor Network 432
8.7.3 Environmental Monitoring 432
8.7.4 Drinking Water Quality 435
8.7.5 Disaster Relief Management 435
8.7.6 Soil Moisture Monitoring 436
8.7.7 Health Care Monitoring 437
8.7.8 Building, Bridge and Structural Monitoring 437
8.7.9 Smart Energy and Home/Office Applications 439
8.7.10 DARPA Efforts towards Wireless Sensor Networks.... 439
8.7.11 Body Area Network 441
8.8 Conclusions and Future Directions 442
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 443
References 444
9. Data Retrieval in Sensor Networks 448
9.1 Introduction 448
9.2 Classifications of WSNs 450
9.2.1 Architecture of Sensor Networks 451
9.2.2 Network Architecture 452
9.2.3 Physical Layer 455
9.3 MAC Layer 455
9.3.1 Design Issues 457
9.3.2 MAC Protocols 458
9.3.3 Link Layer 469
9.4 Routing Layer 469
9.4.1 Network Structure Based 471
9.4.2 Flat versus Hierarchical 490
9.4.3 Multipath-Based Routing 495
9.4.4 Query-Based Routing 499
9.4.5 Location-Based Routing 500
9.4.6 Transport Layer 500
9.5 High-Level Application LayerSupport 501
9.5.1 Distributed Query Processing 501
9.5.2 Sensor Databases 501
9.5.3 Distributed Applications 502
9.5.4 In-Network Processing 503
9.5.5 Security 506
9.6 Adapting to the Inherent Dynamic Nature of WSNs 507
9.7 Conclusions and Future Directions 508
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 508
References 509
10. Security 515
10.1 Introduction 515
10.2 Distributed Systems Security 516
10.3 Security in Ad Hoc Networks 518
10.3.1 Requirements 518
10.3.2 Security Solutions Constraints 520
10.3.3 Challenges 521
10.3.4 Authentication 523
10.4 Key Management 524
10.4.1 Conceptual Background 525
10.4.2 Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement 527
10.4.3 N-Party Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement 529
10.4.4 The Ingemarsson Protocol 533
10.4.5 The Burmester and Desmedt Protocol 535
10.4.6 The Hypercube Protocol 536
10.4.7 The Octopus Protocol 538
10.4.8 The CLIQUES Protocol Suite 542
10.4.9 The Tree-Based Generalized Diffie-Hellman Protocol. 548
10.5 Secure Routing 550
10.5.1 Problems Affecting Secure Ad Hoc Routing 551
10.5.2 Secure Routing Protocols 556
10.5.3 The Wormhole Attack 577
10.6 Cooperation in MANETs 578
10.6.1 CONFID ANT 579
10.6.2 Token-Based 580
10.7 Wireless Sensor Networks 582
10.7.1 WSN Security 582
10.7.2 Key Distribution and Management 584
10.8 Intrusion Detection Systems 587
10.8.1 Overview 588
10.8.2 Unsuitability of Current IDS Techniques 589
10.8.3 An IDS Architecture for Ad Hoc Networks 589
10.8.4 Anomaly Detection 593
10.9 Conclusions and Future Directions 594
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 595
References 596
11. Integrating MANETs, WLANs and Cellular Networks 598
11.1 Introduction 598
11.2 Ingredients of a Heterogeneous Architecture 600
11.2.1 Mobile User Stations 601
11.2.2 Base Station and Access Point 602
11.2.3 Core IP Network (CN) 603
11.2.4 Possible Communication Scenarios 603
11.2.5 Design Factors 605
11.3 Protocol Stack 606
11.3.1 The Physical Layer 607
11.3.2 The Data Link Layer 608
11.3.3 The Network Layer 610
11.3.4 Transport Layer 619
11.3.5 Application Layer 620
11.3.6 Mobility and Connection Management 621
11.4 Comparison of the Integrated Architectures 625
11.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 629
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 629
References 630

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Developing Visual Studio .NET Macros and Add-Ins

Acknowledgments xiii
About the Author xv
Introduction xvii
Part 1 Automating Your Work 1
Chapter 1 All about Macros and Add-ins 3
What Are Macros and Add-ins? 4
Why Use Macros and Add-ins? 4
Automating Your Work with Macros 5
Enhancing the IDE with Add-ins 7
Online Help for Macros and Add-ins 8
Other Ways to Customize Visual Studio .NET 9
Manipulating the Windows 10
Managing the Toolbars and Commands 17
Customizing the Menus 22
Moving Forward 26
Chapter 2 Just Enough VB.NET 27
VB.NET Subroutines and Functions 29
VB.NET Variables 30
Arrays in VB.NET 34
Strings in VB.NET 36
VB.NET Control Structures 40
Conditional Statements 40
Loop Statements 41
Exceptions 43
Classes in VB.NET 44
Other VB.NET Topics 46
Moving Forward 48
Chapter 3 Introducing the Visual Studio Macro IDE 49
The Macro System and the Main IDE 49
Macro Development Divisions 51
Projects and Modules 51
Class Files and Code Files 53
Scoping 53
Working with the Macros IDE 54
The Parts of the Macros IDE 55
Managing Projects and Modules 56
Creating a New Project 57
Loading and Unloading Projects 57
Saving Your Project 58
Default Macro Location 59
Creating a New Module 59
Renaming Projects and Modules 59
Deleting a Module 60
Running a Macro 60
Stopping a Macro 61
Using the Code Editor in the Macros IDE 62
Collapsible Code 62
Working with Blocks of Code 63
Debugging a Macro 63
Working with the Macro Explorer 64
Quickly Recording a Temporary Macro 66
Selecting the Recording Project 67
Recording a Macro 67
Editing the Temporary Macro 68
Assigning Shortcut Keys to Your Macros 70
Moving Forward 71
Chapter 4 Macros That Interact with the User 73
Referencing Assemblies and Macro Projects 73
Referencing External Assemblies 74
Referencing Items in Other Macro Projects 75
Referencing One of Your Own Assemblies 77
Creating Windows and Forms 83
Getting Input from a User 83
Creating a Form 84
Displaying Standard Dialog Boxes 85
Working with System Event Handlers 87
Categories of Events 88
Moving Forward 93
Chapter 5 Just Enough .NET Architecture 95
Getting to Know Microsoft .NET 95
Common Language Runtime 96
.NET Class Library 97
Packaging Your Software: Assemblies and Manifests 98
Looking at an Assembly 99
Organizing Multiple Versions of an Assembly 100
.NET and OLE/COM 101
Globally Unique Identifiers 102
Building an Assembly from a COM Component 102
Macro and Add-in Models 103
Visual Studio Packages 104
Visual Studio Project Types 104
Accessing Project Types Not Supported by the Macros IDE 106
Accessing the Project Object 107
Accessing Visual Basic and C# Projects 108
Accessing C++ Projects 109
Macro IDE Automation Model 112
Moving Forward 113
Part 2 Enhancing Visual Studio 115
Chapter 6 Introducing Add-ins 117
About Add-ins 117
Startup and Shutdown 119
Invoking Your Add-in 120
Interacting with the IDE 121
Creating Custom Options Pages 123
Creating Tool Windows 124
Add-ins and the Command System 124
Wizards 125
Add-ins Are COM Components 126
Creating an Add-in 129
Using the Wizard 130
Building and Running the Add-in 136
Managing Add-ins 137
Moving Forward 138
Chapter 7 Creating Add-ins for the IDE 139
Building an Add-in in C++ 139
Including a GUI with Your Add-in 140
Working with Commands 141
Using the Forms Library 141
Building a Tool Window 145
Using the Form Designer with a Tool Window 153
Moving Forward 159
Chapter 8 Life Cycles, Debugging, and Satellite DLLs 161
The Life Cycle of an Add-in 161
Debugging an Add-in 162
Keeping the Registry Clean 163
Debugging the Command-Line Version 163
Debugging the Command-Line Add-in 164
Setting Up Multiple Debug Configurations 165
Creating a Satellite DLL for Resources 167
About Culture-Specific Information 168
Valid Culture Identifiers 169
Adding Culture-Specific Resources in .NET 170
Forms and Multiple Languages 170
Adding Cultural Assemblies in General 171
Making Your Add-ins Multilingual 175
Moving Forward 184
Chapter 9 Manipulating Solutions and Projects 185
Determining the Currently Selected Project 186
Manipulating a Project’s Items 188
Manipulating a Project’s Settings 193
Accessing and Setting Configuration Properties 195
Adding Configurations 198
Configuring Projects at the Solution Level 200
Configuring Individual Files 201
Manipulating Language-Specific Information 205
Moving Forward 206
Chapter 10 Programming the Document and User Interface Objects 207
Managing Documents with the Document Classes 207
The Form Editor and Documents 209
Opening or Creating a Document 210
Processing Text 212
The EditPoint, TextPoint, and VirtualPoint Objects 218
Working with Multiple Windows and Panes 221
Navigating the User Interface Hierarchy 223
Finding a Hierarchy Item 226
Finding an Item Using Regular Expressions 226
Selecting a Hierarchy Item 228
Collapsing Nodes 230
Moving Forward 231
Chapter 11 The CodeModel and Build Objects 233
Manipulating Code with the CodeModel 234
A FileCodeModel Add-in 237
Working with Build Objects 248
Spawning a Build Process 250
Building with the SolutionBuild Object 252
More on the SolutionBuild Object 252
Moving Forward 254
Chapter 12 Creating Project Wizards 255
Dissecting the Wizard Directory Structure 256
Wizard File Interactions and Symbols 259
Rendering the Template Files 263
Wizard Properties 267
A Script Wizard Tutorial 269
The common.js File 276
Viewing Your HTML Files 279
Moving Forward 281
Part 3 VS.NET and Other Products 283
Chapter 13 Writing .NET Add-ins for Microsoft Office 285
Introducing Office Add-ins 285
Writing Add-ins for Other Products 287
Preparing the Office Application 287
Creating the Add-in 288
Adding References to Office Products 291
Writing the Add-in 295
Debugging for Multiple Products 301
Responding to Office Events 303
Moving Forward 311
Chapter 14 Integrating Visual Studio .NET with Microsoft Office 313
Adding a Spelling Checker 314
Integrating an Excel Spreadsheet 322
Automating from Macros 326
Moving Forward 333
Chapter 15 Integrating with Other Products 335
Windows Script Host 335
Delphi 338
Python 340
Script Explorer Add-in 343
Moving Forward 352
Part 4 Deploying and Supercharging 353
Chapter 16 Deploying Your Macros and Add-ins 355
All about Security and Add-ins 355
.NET Security 356
Valid and Verified .NET Code 357
Security Permissions 357
Security Administration for .NET 358
Security in Action 359
COM Security 362
Deploying Macros 364
Setting Up the Deployment Project 365
Adding a Shortcut to the .vsmacros File 370
Creating the Custom Action Project 371
Moving Forward 375
Chapter 17 Supercharging Visual Studio .NET 377
Creating an Options Page for Your Add-in 377
Another Useful Add-in 388
Third-Party Add-ins 392
Exploring the CLI 393
Understanding the CLI 394
Other Languages and the CLI 394
Wrap-up 395
Appendix A Class and Object Quick Reference 397
Root DTE Object 397
DTE Properties 397
DTE Methods 400
Other EnvDTE Objects 401
Enumerations 402
Index 409

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The Network Society

CONTENTS
1 Introduction 1
A New Infrastructure for Society 1
A Second Communications Revolution? 3
Characteristics of the New Media 6
Communication Capacities of the New Media 13
The Nature and Design of this Book 17
2 Networks: The Nervous System of Society 19
The Network Society and Other Classifications 19
A Short History of the Human Web 21
Networks at All Levels 24
Causes of the Rise of Networks 29
From Mass Society to Network Society 32
Changing Relations in the Network Society 37
3 Technology 42
Introduction 42
Technical Foundations of the Network Society 43
Telecommunication Networks 46
Data Communication Networks 48
Mass Communication Networks 51
Integrated Networks 53
Multimedia and Broadband Networks 55
Future Trends 58
4 Economy 61
Introduction 61
Causes of the Current Communications Revolution 62
A Flow Economy 65
Markets, Hierarchies and Networks 72
A New Economy? 76
The Producers: From Infrastructure to Service Providers 81
The Consumers: Pushers and Pulled 89
Conclusions 93
5 Politics and Power 95
Introduction 95
The Vulnerability of Networks 96
The Spread and Concentration of Politics 98
The Claims of E-Government and Digital Democracy 103
Power in the Organization 108
Privacy and Personal Autonomy 112
Conclusions 125
6 Law 127
Introduction 127
The Law Undermined by Networks 128
Who Rules the Internet? 130
Information and Communication Freedom 137
Rights of Ownership 143
The Right to Privacy 149
Conclusions 154
7 Social Structure 156
Introduction 156
Space and Time in the Network Society 157
The Blurring Spheres of Living 161
Communities and Social Relations 165
Unity and Fragmentation: A New Social Cohesion 171
Networks and Social (In)equality 174
The Digital Divide 177
The Instability of the Network Society 186
Conclusions 188
8 Culture 190
Introduction 190
Living in a Digital Culture 191
The Quantity and Quality of New Media Content 199
Changing Media Use 204
Conclusions 208
9 Psychology 210
Introdution 210
Perception and the New Media 211
Cognition and the New Media 217
Learning with the New Media 224
The Social Psychology of CMC 226
Changes in the Human Personality? 233
Conclusions 238
10 Conclusions and Policy Perspectives 240
Introduction 240
General Conclusions 240
The Information and Network Society in North America,
Europe, East Asia and the Third World 244
Policy Perspectives for the Network Society 253
Glossary 264
References 272
Index 288

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The Executives Guide to Information Technology

Contents
P ART I
The Effective IT Organization
1 The IT Dilemma 3
2 Sources and Causes of IT Ineffectiveness 18
3 Information Technology Costs 35
P ART II
Managing the IT Department
4 The IT Organization 63
5 The IT Director 94
6 IT Direction and Standard Setting 112
7 IT Operations 151
8 Application Management 187
9 IT Human Resource Practices 220
10 Vendor Selection 257
11 Vendor Management 322
P ART III
Senior Executive IT Management
12 Working with the Business 345
13 IT Budgeting and Cost Management 357
14 Effective Decision Making and Risk Management 385
15 IT Demand Management and Project Prioritization 400
16 IT Performance Measurement 432
17 IT Steering Committee 460
A PPENDIX
IT Toolkit 477
Index 481

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SQL Bible

by Alex Kriegel and Boris M. Trukhnov ISBN:0764525840
John Wiley & Sons © 2003 (831 pages)
This definitive volume contains all the information you need to understand and use SQL and its implementations in accordance with the established SQL99 standard.

CD Content



Table of Contents
SQL Bible
Preface
Part I - SQL Basic Concepts and Principles
Chapter 1 - SQL and Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS)
Chapter 2 - Fundamental SQL Concepts and Principles
Chapter 3 - SQL Data Types
Part II - Creating and Modifying Database Objects
Chapter 4 - Creating RDBMS Objects
Chapter 5 - Altering and Destroying RDBMS Objects
Part III - Data Manipulation and Transaction Control
Chapter 6 - Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Chapter 7 - Sessions, Transactions, and Locks
Part IV - Retrieving and Transforming Data
Chapter 8 - Understanding SELECT Statement
Chapter 9 - Multitable Queries
Chapter 10 - SQL Functions
Chapter 11 - SQL Operators
Part V - Implementing Security Using System Catalogs
Chapter 12 - SQL and RDBMS Security
Chapter 13 - The System Catalog and INFORMATION_SCHEMA
Part VI - Beyond SQL—Procedural Programming and Database Access Mechanisms
Chapter 14 - Stored Procedures, Triggers, and User-Defined Functions
Chapter 15 - Dynamic and Embedded SQL Overview
Chapter 16 - SQL API
Chapter 17 - New Developments—XML, OLAP, and Objects
Part VII - Appendix
Appendix A - What's on the CD-ROM
Appendix B - The ACME Sample Database
Appendix C - Basics of Relational Database Design
Appendix D - Installing RDBMS Software
Appendix E - Accessing RDBMS
Appendix F - Installing the ACME Database
Appendix G - SQL Functions
Appendix H - SQL Syntax Reference
Appendix I - SQL-Reserved Keywords
Appendix J - SQL99 Major Features Compliance Across Different RDBMS
Appendix K - The Other RDBMS
Appendix L - A Brief Introduction to the Number Systems, Boolean Algebra, and Set Theory
Index
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Code Examples
List of Sidebars


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Lonely Planet - Indonesia

Destination Indonesia
Adventure looms large in this vast and steamy archipelago, where the best of Southeast
Asia’s spicy melange simmers tantalisingly. Heady scents, vivid colours, dramatic vistas and diverse cultures spin and multiply to the point of exhaustion, their potent brew leaving your senses reeling.

Rippling across the equator for nearly 5000km, Indonesia encompasses more than 17,000
islands, two-thirds of which are inhabited and richly layered with character. The elaborate funeral ceremonies and timeless tradition of Sulawesi’s Toraja are light years from the surfing culture of Lombok. But so too are the mighty saddle-backed Batak mansions and volcanic lakes of Sumatra’s Danua Toba from the mummies and deeply etched gorges of Papua’s Baliem Valley. Bali’s resorts and restaurants pamper precocious style cats, while at the same moment threadbare backpackers are adopted by homestays in Kalimantan.

Indonesia’s cities are in a constant state of urban evolution, where dense populations, technology and construction live in hectic symbiosis. But most of the archipelago’s territory remains unexplored, concealing a wealth of cultures and a myriad of landscapes. Oceanic rice fields and ancient sultanates in Java are humbled by haunting volcanic cones. Maluku’s alabaster beaches and desert islands remain pristine while the tourist trail heads elsewhere. The jungles of Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua are zoological wonders, revealing impish monkeys, stoic sun bears, leopards, orang-utans and remarkable marsupials.

And then there are the micromoments, equally exquisite but entirely unexpected; im-
promptu English lessons with school children, instant friendships in crammed bemos, lending an ear to your becak rider... In Indonesia there is plenty of cause to pause, except when dodging hurtling traffic – but that’s all part of the adventure.


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The CISSP Prep Guide

Table of Contents

The CISSP Prep Guide—Mastering the Ten Domains of
Computer Security
Foreword
Introduction
Chapter 1 - Security Management Practices
Chapter 2 - Access Control Systems
Chapter 3 - Telecommunications and Network Security
Chapter 4 - Cryptography
Chapter 5 - Security Architecture and Models
Chapter 6 - Operations Security
Chapter 7 - Applications and Systems Development
Chapter 8 -
Business Continuity Planning and Disaster
Recovery Planning
Chapter 9 - Law, Investigation, and Ethics
Chapter 10 - Physical Security
Appendix A - Glossary of Terms and Acronyms
Appendix B -
The RAINBOW Series—Minimum Security
Requirements for Multi-user Operating
Systems NISTIR 5153
Appendix C - Answers to Sample Questions
Appendix D -
A Process Approach to HIPAA Compliance
Through a HIPAA-CMM
Appendix E - The NSA InfoSec Assessment Methodology
Appendix F - The Case for Ethical Hacking
Appendix G - The Common Criteria
Appendix H - References for Further Study
Appendix I - British Standard 7799
Index
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Sidebars


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Computational Methods in Systems Biology

Table of Contents
Modal Logics for Brane Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
M. Miculan, G. Bacci
Deciding Behavioural Properties in Brane Calculi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
N. Busi
Probabilistic Model Checking of Complex Biological Pathways . . . . . . . . . . 32
J. Heath, M. Kwiatkowska, G. Norman, D. Parker,
O. Tymchyshyn
Type Inference in Systems Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
F. Fages, S. Soliman
Stronger Computational Modelling of Signalling Pathways Using Both
Continuous and Discrete-State Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
M. Calder, A. Duguid, S. Gilmore, J. Hillston
A Formal Approach to Molecular Docking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
D. Prandi
Feedbacks and Oscillations in the Virtual Cell VICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
D. Chiarugi, M. Chinellato, P. Degano, G. Lo Brutto,
R. Marangoni
Modelling Cellular Processes Using Membrane Systems with Peripheral
and Integral Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
M. Cavaliere, S. Sedwards
Modelling and Analysing Genetic Networks: From Boolean Networks
to Petri Nets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
L.J. Steggles, R. Banks, A. Wipat
Regulatory Network Reconstruction Using Stochastic Logical
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
B. Wilczy ́ski, J. Tiuryn
n
Identifying Submodules of Cellular Regulatory Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
G. Sanguinetti, M. Rattray, N.D. Lawrence
Incorporating Time Delays into the Logical Analysis of Gene Regulatory
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
H. Siebert, A. Bockmayr
A Computational Model for Eukaryotic Directional Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
A. Gamba, A. de Candia, F. Cavalli, S. Di Talia, A. Coniglio,
F. Bussolino, G. Serini
Modeling Evolutionary Dynamics of HIV Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
L. Sguanci, P. Li`, F. Bagnoli
o
Compositional Reachability Analysis of Genetic Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
G. G ̈ssler
o
Randomization and Feedback Properties of Directed Graphs Inspired
by Gene Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
M. Cosentino Lagomarsino, P. Jona, B. Bassetti
Computational Model of a Central Pattern Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
E. Cataldo, J.H. Byrne, D.A. Baxter
Rewriting Game Theory as a Foundation for State-Based Models of
Gene Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
C. Chettaoui, F. Delaplace, P. Lescanne, M. Vestergaard,
R. Vestergaard
Condition Transition Analysis Reveals TF Activity Related to
Nutrient-Limitation-Specific Effects of Oxygen Presence in Yeast . . . . . . . . 271
T.A. Knijnenburg, L.F.A. Wessels, M.J.T. Reinders
An In Silico Analogue of In Vitro Systems Used to Study Epithelial
Cell Morphogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
M.R. Grant, C.A. Hunt
A Numerical Aggregation Algorithm for the Enzyme-Catalyzed
Substrate Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
H. Busch, W. Sandmann, V. Wolf
Possibilistic Approach to Biclustering: An Application to
Oligonucleotide Microarray Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
M. Filippone, F. Masulli, S. Rovetta, S. Mitra, H. Banka
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323


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Linux The Complete Reference, Sixth Edition

Contents at a Glance
Part I Introduction
1 Introduction to Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Part II The Linux Shell and File Structure
3 The Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4 The Shell Scripts and Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5 Shell Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6 Linux Files, Directories, and Archives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Part III Desktop
7 The X Window System, Xorg, and Display Managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
8 GNOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
9 KDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Part IV Linux Software
10 Software Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
11 Office and Database Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
12 Graphics Tools and Multimedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
13 Mail and News Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
14 Web, FTP, and Java Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
15 Network Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Part V Security
16 Encryption, Integrity Checks, and Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
17 Security-Enhanced Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
18 IPsec and Virtual Private Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
19 Secure Shell and Kerberos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
20 Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Part VI Internet and Network Services
21 Managing Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
22 FTP Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
23 Web Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
24 Proxy Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
25 Mail Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
26 Print, News, Search, and Database Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Part VII System Administration
27 Basic System Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
28 Managing Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
29 File Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
30 RAID and LVM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
31 Devices and Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
32 Kernel Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
33 Backup Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
Part VIII Network Administration Services
34 Administering TCP/IP Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
35 Network Autoconfiguration with IPv6, DHCPv6, and DHCP . . . . . . . . . . 745
36 NFS and NIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
37 Distributed Network File Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
A Where to Obtain Linux Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
Index ............................................................... 787


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Total Area Networking--ATM, IP, Frame Relay & SMDS Explained

Contents
Preface ix
Foreword xi
About the Authors xiii
Acknowledgements xv
1 The Information Age 1
1.1 The Impact of the Information Age 3
1.2 Value Seekers and Economy Seekers 4
1.3 Convergence and Collision 6
1.4 The Magnificent Seven 8
1.5 Preparing for Superconnectivity 11
1.6 Summary 13
References 13
2 The Total Area Network 15
2.1 The Story So Far 16
2.2 Trends and Drivers 19
2.3 The World Wide Web 25
2.4 The Information-Intensive Marketplace 29
2.5 Virtual Organisations 32
2.6 Parts of the Jigsaw 35
2.7 Convergence and Collision Revisited 39
2.8 Summary 39
References 40
3 Frame Relay 43
3.1 The ISDN 43
3.2 Frame Relay as an ISDN Bearer Service 45
3.3 The Frame Relay Data Transmission Service 53
3.4 Summary 61
References 62
4 Switched Multi-Megabit Data Service (SMDS) 65
4.1 The Basics of SMDS 66
4.2 Completing the Picture 74
4.3 Early SMDS Implementations 85
4.4 Summary 88
References 89
5 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 91
5.1 The Basics of ATM 92
5.2 Completing the Picture 105
5.3 SMDS and Frame Relay over ATM 120
5.4 ATM in Local Area Networks 125
5.5 Summary 127
References 128
6 A Telecommunications View of the Total Area
Network 129
6.1 Signalling in the Network—CCSS7 130
6.2 The Transition to the Intelligent Network 135
6.3 IN Architecture and Terminology 136
6.4 Examples of IN Services 140
6.5 Service Management and Creation in the IN 148
6.6 Centralised vs Distributed Intelligence 150
6.7 Summary 153
References 155
7 A Computing View of the Total Area Network 157
7.1 Intranet Basics 158
7.2 Applications and Operations 160
7.3 The Technology Used 163
7.4 Security 164
7.5 Management 166
7.6 Practical Options 169
7.7 Summary 172
References 172
8 Network Management 175
8.1 Typical Networks 176
8.2 The Network as a Resource 178
8.3 Aim 1—Early Detection 180
8.4 Aim 2—Clearly Defined Network Management Concepts 180
8.5 Aim 3—Network Management Standards 182
8.6 Practicality 1—A Network Strategy 186
8.7 Practicality 2—Management Organisation Structure 187
8.8 Practicality 3—A Management System Strategy 188
8.9 Practicality 4—Automation 189
8.10 Summary 196
References 196
9 Survival in the Information Jungle 199
9.1 The Shape of Things to Come 199
9.2 Horses for Courses 202
9.3 Survival in the Information Jungle 207
9.4 Into Cyberspace 208
References 209
Appendix 1 Data Communications—Some Basic Concepts
and Standards 211
A1.1 Packet Switching 212
A1.2 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference
Model 215
A1.3 X.25: The International Standard for Packet Data
Services 217
A1.4 Local Area Networks (LANs) 223
A1.5 LAN Interconnection 227
References 229
Appendix 2 Distributed Computing—Some Basic Concepts
and Standards 231
A2.1 Distributed Processing 233
A2.2 The Concepts and Approaches for Meeting the
Challenge 239
A2.3 The Guiding Architectures 247
A2.4 Groupware—the People Side of Distributed
Processing 256
References 261
Appendix 3 The Future of Network Supply and
Operation 263
A3.1 The Forces that will Shape the Future 265
A3.2 The Here and Now 267
A3.3 The Network of the Future 269
A3.4 Access—the Flexible Delivery 270
A3.5 Transmission—the Heart of the Matter 272
A3.6 Switching—the Route Ahead 273
A3.7 Intelligence—the Thinking Network 276
A3.8 Management—Maintaining the Edge 278
A3.9 Two Snapshots 279
A3.10 Summary 280
References 281
Glossary 283
Index 307

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Social Networks and Health, Models, Methods, and Applications

Contents
Part I Models
1 Introduction 3
Relationships Matter 3
Random Sampling Is Not Enough 6
Literature Overview 7
Major Research Advances 9
Individual- and Network-Level Measures 21
Summary 25
2 History 26
History Reconsidered 28
Behavioral Science 30
Life Span Approaches 35
Public Health and Medical Applications 36
Summary 39
3 Methods 41
Data Collection Techniques 43
Data Management 50
Data Characteristics 55
Network Variables 55
Summary 60
4 Ego- and Personal-Network Effects 61
Measures 65
Statistical Analysis 70
Personal Network versus Sociometric Variables 72
Snowball/Sequenced Data 74
Summary 77
Part II Measures
5 Centrality 81
Degree 82
Closeness 83
Distances for Unconnected Nodes 85
Betweenness 87
Correlation among Centrality Measures 91
Other Centrality Measures 93
Link or Edge Centrality 93
Centrality versus Centralization 94
Centrality and Behavior 95
Characteristics of Opinion Leaders 98
Summary 99
6 Groups 100
Components and K-Cores 101
Girvan-Newman Technique 105
Groups and Behavior 108
Group Membership and Disease 109
Groups, Density, and Bridges 110
Summary 113
114
7 Positions
Network-Level Positions 115
CONCOR 121
Individual Positional Measures 122
Individual Measures as Positions 123
Positions and Behavior 124
Network Weights 125
Summary 126
128
8 Network-Level Measures
Size 129
Density 129
Mutuality/Reciprocity 130
Triads/Transitivity 132
Diameter/Average Path Length 134
Density and Cohesion 135
Clustering 137
Centralization 138
Core-Periphery 140
Two-Mode Data 144
Individual Network-Level Interactions 146
Summary 147
Part III Applications
9 Exponential Random Graph Models, P* and Actor
Oriented Models 151
Estimating the Link 153
Vectorizing the Matrix 153
Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGM) 156
Simulation 157
New Specifications 160
Obesity Example 161
Actor-Oriented Model 163
WINCART 166
Summary 170
10 Diffusion of Innovations 172
Homogeneous Mixing 175
Integration and Opinion Leadership 179
Structural Models 181
Dynamic Models 184
Empirical Estimates Using Diffusion Network Data 187
Infection and Susceptibility 190
Thresholds 191
Limitations to Diffusion Theory 194
Summary 194
11 Network Interventions 196
Opinion Leaders 197
Key Players 201
Groups 202
Identifying Leaders and Groups 203
Snowball Sampling or Network Recruitment 205
Rewiring Networks 207
Bridges and Potential Bridges 208
Links versus Nodes 209
Networks and Attributes 212
Iatrogenic Effects 214
A Pharmaceutical Marketing Example 216
Summary 218
12 Summary 219
Agent-Based Modeling 224
Increasing the Threshold 231
Statistical Analysis 232
Network Scale 232
Future Research Questions 233
How to Get Started 237
Limitations 237
Conclusion 238
Appendix A: Glossary 239
Appendix B: Sample Sociometric Survey 241
Appendix C: Sample Egocentric Survey 243
Appendix D: Centrality Scores for Network in Figure 1–1 245
Appendix E: Input Files (Network and Attribute) for the
Network in Figure 1–1 247
References 251
Author Index 269
Subject Index 273


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