W-CDMA Mobile Communication Systems

Contents
Editorial Board xi
Supervisor’s Note xiii
Preface xv
1 Overview 1
Keisuke Suwa, Yoshiyuki Yasuda and Hitoshi Yoshino
1.1 Generation Change in Cellular Systems 1
1.1.1 Analog Cellular Systems 1
1.1.2 Digital Cellular Systems 3
1.1.3 Mobile Internet Services 7
1.2 Overview of IMT-2000 10
1.2.1 Objectives of IMT-2000 10
1.2.2 IMT-2000 Standardization 11
1.2.3 IMT-2000 Frequency Band 18
References 19
2 Radio Transmission Systems 21
Mamoru Sawahashi
2.1 Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) 21
2.1.1 Principles of DS-CDMA 21
2.1.2 Spreading Code and Spreading Code Synchronization 24
2.1.3 Configuration of Radio Transmitter and Receiver 26
2.1.4 Application of DS-CDMA to Cellular Systems 27
2.2 Basic W-CDMA Transmission Technologies 28
2.2.1 Two-Layer Spreading Code Assignment and Spreading Modulation 28
2.2.2 Cell Search 31
2.2.3 Random Access 41
2.2.4 Technologies that Satisfy Various Quality Requirements in Multirate
Transmissions 42
2.2.5 Diversity 49
2.3 Link Capacity Expansion Technologies in W-CDMA 66
2.3.1 Interference Canceller 66
2.3.2 Adaptive Antenna Array Diversity 71
References 77
3 Radio System 81
Seizo Onoe, Takehiro Nakamura, Yoshihiro Ishikawa, Koji Ohno,
Yoshiyuki Yasuda, Nobuhiro Ohta, Yoshio Ebine, Atsushi Murase and Akihiro Hata
3.1 Radio System Requirements and Design Objectives 81
3.2 W-CDMA and System Architecture 82
3.2.1 Characteristics of W-CDMA 82
3.2.2 Basic Specifications of W-CDMA 84
3.2.3 Architecture of Radio Access Network 85
3.2.4 Key W-CDMA Technologies 87
3.2.5 Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) 92
3.3 Radio Access Interface Standard 92
3.3.1 Physical Layer 92
3.3.2 Media Access Control (MAC) Sublayer 126
3.3.3 Radio Link Control (RLC) Sublayer 131
3.3.4 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) Sublayer 142
3.3.5 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 145
3.3.6 Control Sequence 159
3.4 Radio System Design 169
3.4.1 W-CDMA Radio System Design 169
3.4.2 Concept of W-CDMA Capacity 170
3.4.3 Radio Link Design 175
3.4.4 Cell/Sector Configuration 180
3.5 Radio Access Network Equipment 182
3.5.1 Overview of System Configuration of Radio Access Equipment 182
3.5.2 BTS 183
3.5.3 RNC 187
3.5.4 MPE 188
3.5.5 BS Antenna 189
3.6 Mobile Terminals 194
3.6.1 Implementation of Mobile Terminals 194
3.6.2 Radio Access Specifications and Hardware Configuration Technologies 195
3.6.3 UIM 202
3.6.4 Terminal Display Technologies 204
3.6.5 External Interface 206
3.6.6 Future Prospects of Mobile Terminals 210
References 211
4 Network Technologies 215
Makoto Furukawa, Hiroshi Kawakami, Mutsumaru Miki, Daisuke Igarashi,
Yukichi Saito, Toyota Nishi, Mayuko Shimokawa, Katsumi Kobayashi,
Yasuhiko Kokubun and Masayuki Nakanishi
4.1 Overview 215
4.2 ATM Technology 217
4.2.1 Switching Scheme for Multimedia Communications 217
4.2.2 Basic Configuration of ATM 218
4.2.3 ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) 219
4.2.4 Quality of Service (QoS) and ATM Traffic Management 221
4.3 Network Control and Signaling Scheme 224
4.3.1 CN Signaling Systems in IMT-2000 224
4.3.2 Control Scheme 227
4.4 Packet Communication Scheme 245
4.4.1 Overview of Mobile Packet Communications 245
4.4.2 Service Target 246
4.4.3 Network Architecture 246
4.4.4 Mobile Packet Communications Technologies 247
4.4.5 Connection Scheme 250
4.5 Intelligent Network (IN) Scheme 254
4.5.1 Overview of IN Scheme 254
4.5.2 Comparison with Conventional Systems 255
4.5.3 Merits of the IN Scheme 258
4.5.4 Standardization Trends 258
4.5.5 Future Prospects 259
4.6 Short Message Scheme 259
4.6.1 Overview of Scheme 259
4.6.2 Network Configuration 261
4.6.3 Routing Scheme 261
4.6.4 Main Extended Functions of SMS 261
4.6.5 Example of SMS Applications 264
4.7 Gateway Scheme 265
4.7.1 Protocol Conversion Gateway 266
4.7.2 TCP Gateway 267
4.7.3 Tunneling Gateway 269
4.7.4 Multimedia Service Platform 270
References 274
5 Operation System 277
Masafumi Onuki, Nobutaka Nakamura, Haruo Mizumoto, Takeshi Yamashita,
Kazuhiko Hara and Kazuaki Terunuma
5.1 Overview 277
5.1.1 Positioning of OpS 277
5.1.2 System Configuration 280
5.2 Network Monitoring 283
5.2.1 Configuration of Network Monitoring Functions 283
5.2.2 Characteristics of Network Monitoring 284
5.2.3 Building a Network Monitoring System 287
5.3 Network Control 289
5.3.1 Positioning of Network Control System 291
5.3.2 Coordination between Systems in Different Types of Networks 292
5.3.3 Network Control Functions 294
5.3.4 Congestion Control During Packet Communications 295
5.3.5 Achieving High-Speed Restriction Process 295
5.4 NE Monitoring 296
5.4.1 NEs in a Multivendor Environment 296
5.4.2 NE Monitoring Functions 297
5.4.3 Development of Element Operations 299
5.5 Network Element Management 301
5.5.1 Network Element Management 301
5.5.2 Network Quality Management 302
5.5.3 Remote File Updating 304
References 305
6 Multimedia Processing Scheme 307
Minoru Eto, Hiroyuki Yamaguchi, Tomoyuki Oya, Toshiro Kawahara,
Hiroshi Uehara, Teruhiro Kubota, Masayuki Tsuda, Seishi Tsukada, Wataru Takita,
Kimihiko Sekino and Nobuyuki Miura
6.1 Overview 307
6.2 Multimedia Signal Processing Scheme 308
6.2.1 Image Processing 308
6.2.2 Speech and Audio Processing 313
6.2.3 Multimedia Signal Processing Methods 320
6.3 Mobile Information Service Provision Methods 325
6.3.1 Mobile ISP Services 325
6.3.2 Multimedia Information Distribution Methods 329
6.3.3 Contents Markup Languages 333
6.3.4 Mobile Internet Standardization (WAP) 338
6.4 Multimedia Messaging Methods 342
6.4.1 Overview 342
6.4.2 Trends of Standardization 343
6.4.3 Conceptual Model 343
6.4.4 Implementation Model 344
6.4.5 Push Technology 345
6.5 Location Information Processing Methods 345
6.5.1 Location Information Use Overview 346
6.5.2 Structure of the Location Information Processing System 347
6.5.3 Transmission System Outside the Mobile Communications Network 348
6.5.4 Location Information Distribution Methods 349
6.5.5 Location Information Distribution Platform 350
6.6 Mobile Electronic Authentication Methods 356
6.6.1 Electronic Authentication 356
6.6.2 WAP Authentication Model 357
6.6.3 Electronic Certificate for Mobile Communications 359
6.6.4 Transport Layer Security (TLS) 359
6.6.5 Short-Lived Certificate 360
6.6.6 Future Challenges 361
References 361
7 Future Prospects 365
Yoshiyuki Yasuda, Takchiro Nakamura, Shinji Uebayashi, Hiroshi Fujiya and
Tomoyuki Oya
7.1 Overview 365
7.2 Prospects of Radio Technologies 366
7.2.1 TDD Scheme 366
7.2.2 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSPDA) 368
7.3 Prospects of Network Technologies 370
7.3.1 IP Packet Communications in Mobile Communication Networks 370
7.3.2 Technology Trends in IP Networks 371
7.3.3 All IP Network Configuration and Deployment 373
7.4 Prospects of Signal Processing Technologies 374
7.4.1 Tandem Connection Avoidance Technologies 374
7.4.2 Adaptive MultiRate-WideBand (AMR-WB) 376
7.4.3 Packet-Transmitted Multimedia 377
References 378
Appendix–Interface Specifications 381
Index 409

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CONTENTS
Foreword xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1 Introducing SMS and the SIM 1
Foundations and Definitions 4
SMS and SIM in the Network Context 7
Protocol Stacks 9
The Role of Standards 11
Preview of Coming Chapters 16
Summary 16
2 Basic SMS Messaging 19
Connecting the Handset 20
Communicating with the Handset 21
Communicating with the Network 24
Hello, Mobile World 25
Summary 38
3 Details of SMS-SUBMIT and SMS-DELIVER 39
Numbering Plans and Mobile Telephone Numbers 42
SMS_SUBMIT 42
Protocol Identifier 47
Data Coding Scheme 49
Concatenated Short Messages 51
“You’ve Got Mail” 52
Application Port Addressing 53
SIM Toolkit Security 54
Enhanced Messaging Services 54
Sounds, Pictures, and Animations 56
Internet E-Mail 60
SMS_DELIVER 61
Summary 63
4 SMS Integration 65
Summary 78
5 SMS Brokers 79
Summary 92
6 SMS in an Airport Logistics Application 95
SMS Case Study: Atraxis 96
Project Background 97
Focus on the Essentials 98
Design and Development Process 99
The Action on the Ground 101
Project Performance Review 103
Evaluating the Business Results 104
Summary 105
7 The SIM 107
Smart Cards 101 111
The Evolution of the SIM 115
Who Are You? 118
Evolution of SIM Standards 119
The Birth of the SIM Application Toolkit 122
The SAT API 127
The USAT Interpreter 128
Summary 130
8 SIM Toolkit API: Proactive Commands
and Event Download 131
Proactive Commands 133
Details of SIM Toolkit Commands 142
Application Commands 143
Smart-Card Proactive Commands 146
General Purpose Communication Commands 146
System Commands 147
Event Download 148
Summary 155
9 End-to-End Security for SMS Messages 157
Security Parameter Indicator (SPI) 161
Ciphering Key Identifier (KIc) and the Key Identifier (KID) 162
Toolkit Application Reference (TAR) 164
Counter (CNTR) 165
Padding Counter (PCNTR) 165
Redundancy Check (RC), Cryptographic
Checksum (CC), or Digital Signature (DS) 166
Secured SMS Message Example 166
Proof of Receipt 168
Pairing a Sent Message with its Response 170
Summary 172
10 The SmartTrust Microbrowser
and the 3GPP USAT Interpreter 173
Some More SIM Toolkit History 174
A Short History of Byte Code Interpreters on Smart Cards 176
Sonera SmartTrust WIB 180
The 3GPP USAT Interpreter 188
Remote Procedure Call Using the USAT Interpreter 193
Summary 195
11 The USAT Interpreter at Work 197
Business Drivers 198
Technology Overview 200
Starting With SMS 200
From WAP to One Integrated Portal 202
Integrating with the Microbrowser 204
Moving to Mobile Banking and M-Commerce 204
From the User Point of View 205
Implementation Challenges and Strategies 207
Bottom-Line Benefits 209
Lessons Learned 210
12 The USAT Virtual Machine and
SIM Toolkit Programs 211
Variants of the USAT Virtual Machine 214
Virtual Machine Architectures 216
The USAT Virtual Machine from Microsoft 218
Real-Time Travel Example 224
Central versus Local Storage of
Personal Information 224
Java Card™ SIMs 235
Installation of USAT Virtual Machine Programs 235
Summary 237
13 Smart Signatures for Secure Mobile Commerce 239
Starting With the Mobile Customer 241
SmartSignature Features 243
Forms and Templates 243
Keys and PINs 244
Menu Design 244
Changing Service Providers 245
Mobile Certification and Trust Using SmartSignature 248
Trust Relationships for Making the Transaction 251
Trust Relationship for Enabling the Transaction 252
Certification Authorities 253
Business Enablers of SmartSignature 253
SmartSignature in Operation 254
SmartSignature in the Setup Phase 256
Managing a Large Pilot of SmartSignature 258
Pilot Background 258
The Key Participants 259
Revenue Model 260
Pricing of SmartTrust Components 260
Security in a Mobile Trust Hierarchy 261
Lessons of the Pilot Delivery 262
Impotance of the Customer’s Experiences 262
Implications to the Business Model 263
Implications for SmartTrust Business Strategy 263
Next Steps with SmartSignature 264
14 The ETSI Smart Card Platform 267
Managed Data Sharing Using Access Control Lists 269
Associating Access Control Lists with Files 272
Coding Access Control Rules 274
Access Mode TLV 275
Key References 276
Boolean Expressions of Key References 278
Key Reference Semantics 280
Authentication of Key References 283
Application Activation and Concurrent Execution 284
The Application Directory and
Application Activation 285
Application Activation and Concurrent Execution 285
Application Selection 287
Concurrent Application Execution 288
Summary 289
APPENDIX Standards for SMS and the SIM 291
Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 291
3GPP Technical Specification Group T
(Terminals)—Working Group 2 Mobile
Terminal Services and Capabilities 291
3GPP Technical Specification Group T
(Terminals)—Working Group 3 Universal
Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) 292
European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI) Smart Card Project 293
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 294
Index 295

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Contents
SECTION I INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS
OF MOBILE COMPUTING
Chapter 1
Wearable Computing
Asim Smailagic and Daniel P. Siewiorek
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Issues in Wearable Computing
1.3 Example Systems
1.3.1 Procedures with Static Prestored Text/Graphics
1.3.2 Master/Apprentice (Live Expert) Help Desk
1.3.3 Team Collaboration
1.3.4 Context-Aware Collaboration — Proactive Synthetic
Assistant
1.4 Evaluation
1.4.1 Prestored Procedures
1.4.2 Master/Apprentice Help Desk
1.4.3 Team Collaboration
1.4.4 Context-Aware Collaboration — Proactive Synthetic
Assistant
1.5 Summary and Future Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2
Developing Mobile Applications: A Lime Primer
Gian Pietro Picco, Amy L. Murphy, and Gruia-Catalin Roman
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Linda in a Nutshell
2.3 Lime: Linda in a Mobile Environment
2.3.1 Model Setting and Overview
2.3.2 Creating a Lime Tuple Space
2.3.3 Enabling Transient Sharing
2.3.4 Reconciling Different Forms of Mobility
2.3.5 Restricting the Scope of Operations
2.3.6 Reacting to Changes
2.3.7 Accessing the System Configuration
2.3.8 Implementation Details
2.4 Application Example
2.4.1 Requirements
2.4.2 Design and Implementation
2.4.2.1 Tuple Spaces and Tuples
2.4.2.2 User Actions
2.4.2.3 Display Update
2.4.3 Beyond the Puzzle
2.5 Building Middleware Functionality on Top of Lime
2.5.1 Transiently Shared Code Bases
2.5.2 Service Provision
2.6 Related Work
2.7 Conclusions
2.7.1 Availability
Acknowledgments
Notes
References
Chapter 3
Pervasive Application Development: Approaches and Pitfalls
Guruduth Banavar, Norman Cohen, and Danny Soroker
Abstract
3.1 What Are Pervasive Applications?
3.1.1 Basic Concepts and Terms
3.2 Why Is It Difficult to Develop Pervasive Applications?
3.2.1 Heterogeneity of Device Platforms
3.2.1.1 User Interface
3.2.1.2 Interaction Modalities
3.2.1.3 Platform Capabilities
3.2.1.4 Connectivity
3.2.1.5 Development and Maintenance Complexity
3.2.2 Dynamics of Application Environments
3.3 Approaches for Developing Pervasive Applications
3.3.1 Developing Mobile Applications
3.3.2 Presentation Transcoding
3.3.3 Device-Independent View Component
3.3.3.1 Runtime Adaptation
3.3.3.2 Design-Time Adaptation
3.3.3.3 Visual Tools for Constructing
Device-Independent Views
3.3.4 Platform-Independent Controller Component
3.3.5 Host-Independent Model Component
3.3.6 Developing Context-Aware Applications
3.3.7 Source-Independent Context Data
3.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4
ISAM, Joining Context-Awareness and Mobility
to Building Pervasive Applications
Iara Augustin, Adenauer Corrêa Yamin, Jorge Luis Victória Barbosa,
Luciano Cavalheiro da Silva, Rodrigo Araújo Real, Gustavo Frainer,
Gerson Geraldo Homrich Cavalheiro, and Cláudio Fernando Resin Geyer
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The ISAM Application Model
4.3 The ISAM Architecture
4.4 ISAMadapt Overview
4.4.1 Context
4.4.2 Adapters
4.4.3 Adaptation Commands
4.4.4 Adaptation Policies
4.5 EXEHDA Overview
4.6 The WalkEd Application
4.6.1 The GUI Being: Alternative Behaviors
4.6.2 The Spell Being
4.6.3 The Print Being
4.6.4 The ISAMadapt IDE
4.6.5 Execution Aspects
4.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5
Integrating Mobile Wireless Devices into the Computational Grid
Thomas Phan, Lloyd Huang, Noel Ruiz, and Rajive Bagrodia
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Background
5.3 Motivation: Mobile Devices and the Grid
5.4 The LEECH Architecture
5.4.1 Key Challenges
5.4.2 Overview of Architecture
5.4.3 Grid/Cluster and LEECH
5.4.4 Application Major Component and Minor Component
5.4.5 Interlocutor
5.4.6 Minion
5.4.7 Availability Adaptation and Job Management
5.5 The LEECH Programming Model
5.6 Experiments and Analysis
5.6.1 Synthetic Application for Measuring Communication
Overhead
5.6.2 RSA Decryption
5.7 Looking to the Future
References
Chapter 6
Multimedia Messaging Service
Syed A. Ahson
6.1 Introduction
6.2 MMS Architecture
6.2.1 MMS Interfaces
6.2.2 Addressing in MMS
6.2.3 Technical Specifications
6.2.4 Supported Formats
6.2.5 MMS Messages
6.3 Message Submission
6.4 Message Transfer
6.5 Delivery Report
6.6 Read-Reply Reports
6.7 Message Notification
6.8 Message Retrieval
6.9 Message Forwarding
6.10 Future Directions
References
SECTION II LOCATION MANAGEMENT
Chapter 7
A Scheme for Nomadic Hosts Location Management Using DNS
Ramandeep Singh Khurana, Hesham El-Rewini, and Imad Mahgoub
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Using the DNS for Location Management of Nomadic Hosts
7.2.1 DNS Server
7.2.2 Server Process: Web Server
7.2.3 Client Process: Web Browser
7.2.4 Security
7.3 Experiments
7.3.1 Cache Time versus Time-to-Live
7.3.2 Scalability Analysis
7.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 8
Location Management Techniques for Mobile Computing
Environments
Riky Subrata and Albert Y. Zomaya
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Location Management
8.2.1 Location Update
8.2.2 Location Inquiry
8.2.2.1 Delay Constraint
8.3 Location Management Cost
8.4 Network Topology
8.5 Mobility Pattern
8.5.1 Memoryless (Random Walk) Movement Model
8.5.2 Markovian Model
8.5.2.1 Cell History
8.5.2.2 Directional History
8.5.3 Shortest Distance Model
8.5.4 Gauss-Markov Model
8.5.5 Activity-Based Model
8.5.6 Mobility Trace
8.5.7 Fluid-Flow Model
8.5.8 Gravity Model
8.6 Call Arrival Pattern
8.6.1 Poisson Model
8.6.2 Call Arrival Trace
8.7 Location Update Strategies
8.7.1 Always-Update Strategy
8.7.2 Never-Update Strategy
8.7.3 Time-Based Strategy
8.7.4 Movement-Based Strategy
8.7.5 Distance-Based Strategy
8.7.6 Location Area
8.7.6.1 Static Case
8.7.6.2 Dynamic Case
8.7.7 Reporting Center
8.7.7.1 Static Case
8.7.7.2 Dynamic Case
8.7.8 Adaptive Threshold Scheme
8.7.9 Profile-Based
8.7.10 Compression-Based
8.7.11 Hybrid Strategies
8.8 Location Inquiry Strategies
8.8.1 Simultaneous Networkwide Search
8.8.2 Paging Area
8.8.3 Expanding Ring Paging
8.8.4 Intelligent Paging
8.9 Summary
References
Chapter 9
Locating Mobile Objects
Evaggelia Pitoura, George Samaras, and Georgia Kastidou
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Location Management
9.3 Architectures of Location Directories
9.3.1 Two-Tier Scheme
9.3.2 Hierarchical Scheme
9.4 Optimizations of the Architectures
9.4.1 Call to Mobility Ratio
9.4.2 Partitions
9.4.3 Caching
9.4.4 Replication
9.4.5 Forwarding Pointers
9.5 Taxonomy and Location Management Techniques
9.6 Case Studies
9.6.1 Mobile IP
9.6.2 Globe
9.6.3 Mobile Agents Systems
9.6.3.1 Ajanta
9.6.3.2 Voyager
9.7 Summary
References
Chapter 10
Dependable Message Delivery to Mobile Units
Amy L. Murphy, Gruia-Catalin Roman, and George Varghese
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Distributed versus Mobile Computing
10.1.2 Algorithm Development
10.2 Message Delivery
10.2.1 Related Work
10.2.2 Mobile Environment
10.2.3 Model and Problem Definitions
10.3 Broadcast Search
10.3.1 Motivation
10.3.2 From Distributed Snapshot Algorithms
to Announcement Delivery
10.3.3 Snapshot Delivery Algorithm
10.3.4 Properties
10.3.5 Extensions
10.3.5.1 Multiple Announcement Deliveries
10.3.5.2 Rapidly Moving Mobile Units
10.3.5.3 Route Discovery
10.3.5.4 Multicast
10.3.5.5 Mobile Agents
10.4 Tracking for Delivery
10.4.1 From Diffusing Computations to Mobile Unit Tracking
10.4.2 Extension: Backbone-Based Message Delivery
10.5 Reality Check
10.5.1 FIFO Channels
10.5.2 Multiple RBSs per MSC
10.5.3 Base Station Connectivity
10.5.4 Reliable Delivery on Links
10.5.5 Involvement Level of MSCs
10.5.6 Storage Requirements
10.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
SECTION III LOCATION-BASED SERVICES
Chapter 11
Location-Dependent Query Processing in Mobile Computing
Ays¸e Yasemin Seydim, Margaret H. Dunham
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Related Work
11.2.1 Location-Dependent Data and Queries
11.2.2 Moving Object Databases Research
11.2.3 Spatial Database Management
11.3 Location Relatedness and the Query Model
11.3.1 Query Model
11.3.2 Location-Aware Queries
11.3.3 Location-Dependent Queries
11.3.4 Moving Object Database Queries
11.3.5 Query Classification
11.4 Query Translation Steps in LDQ Processing
Acknowledgments
Note
References
Chapter 12
Simulation Models and Tool for Mobile Location-Dependent
Information Access
Uwe Kubach, Christian Becker, Illya Stepanov, and Jing Tian
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Spatial Model
12.2.1 Location Models
12.2.2 Spatial Information Models
12.3 Mobility
12.3.1 Existing Mobility Models
12.3.1.1 Random Mobility Models
12.3.1.2 Advanced Models
12.3.2 Generic Mobility Model
12.4 Information Access Model
12.4.1 Zipf Distribution
12.4.2 Location-Dependent Access
12.5 A Tool for User Mobility Modeling
12.5.1 Objectives
12.5.2 Software Architecture
12.5.3 Usage
12.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13
Context-Aware Mobile Computing
Rittwik Jana and Yih-Farn Chen
Abstract
13.1 Introduction and Motivation
13.2 What Is Context?
13.3 Context Acquisition
13.3.1 Acquisition of Sensor Data
13.3.2 Location Sensing Techniques
13.4 What Is Context-Awareness?
13.4.1 Technology Independent Framework and Application
Programming Interfaces
13.4.1.1 Parlay: Integration of Telecom and Internet
Services
13.4.1.2 IETF OPES Group
13.4.1.3 iMobile: a Mobile Service Platform
13.5 Gluing Contextware and Middleware
13.5.1 Integrating Location Determination with the Service
Platform
13.5.2 Managing Location Information in iMobile
13.5.3 Location-Based Services with iMobile
13.5.4 Preserving Privacy in Environments with
Location-Based Services
13.6 Context-Related Research Initiatives and Projects
13.7 The Future of Context
13.8 Conclusions
Notes
References
Chapter 14
Mobile Agent Middlewares for Context-Aware Applications
Paolo Bellavista, Dario Bottazzi, Antonio Corradi, Rebecca Montanari, and
Silvia Vecchi
Abstract
14.1 Mobile Computing and Context Awareness
14.2 Mobile Agents and Mobile Computing
14.3 An Overview of MA-Based Supports for Mobile Computing
14.4 MA-Based Middlewares with Context Awareness:
State-of-the-Art and Emerging Research Directions
14.5 Lessons Learned and Open Issues
Acknowledgments
References
SECTION IV CACHING STRATEGIES
Chapter 15
Cache Management in Wireless and Mobile Computing
Environments
Yu Du and Sandeep K.S. Gupta
15.1 Introduction
15.2 State of the Art
15.3 Cache Consistency Strategies
15.3.1 A Taxonomy of Cache Consistency Strategies
15.4 Cache Consistency Strategies in Architecture-Based
Wireless Networks
15.4.1 Invalidation-Based Consistency Strategy
15.4.1.1 Stateful Approaches
15.4.1.2 Stateless Approach
15.4.2 TTL-Based Cache Consistency Strategy
15.4.2.1 Handling Disconnections
15.4.2.2 Achieving Energy and Bandwidth Efficiency
15.5 Open Problems
15.5.1 Cache Consistency Strategy in the Ad Hoc
Network Environment
15.5.2 Cooperate Caching in Ad Hoc Network Environment
15.6 Summary
References
Chapter 16
Cache Invalidation Schemes in Mobile Environments
Edward Chan, Joe C.H. Yuen, and Kam-Yiu Lam
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Summary of Existing Cache Invalidation Schemes
16.3 Temporal Data Model for Mobile Computing Systems
16.4 Cache Invalidation Using AVI
16.4.1 Validity Period of Data in Client Cache
16.4.2 The IAVI Cache Invalidation Scheme
16.4.3 Server Algorithm
16.4.3.1 Invalidation Report Generation
16.4.3.2 AVI Adjustment
16.4.4 Client Algorithm
16.4.4.1 Implicit Invalidation
16.4.4.2 Explicit Invalidation
16.5 Performance Study
16.5.1 System Model
16.5.2 Performance Metrics
16.5.3 Performance Evaluation
16.5.3.1 Impact of Database Size
16.5.4.2 Impact of Update Rate
16.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17
Hoarding in Mobile Computing Environments
Yücel Saygin
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Coda: The Pioneering System for Hoarding
17.3 Hoarding Based on Data Mining Techniques
17.3.1 SEER Hoarding System
17.3.2 Association Rule-Based Techniques
17.3.3 Partitioning the History into Sessions
17.3.4 Utilization of Association Rules for Hoarding
17.3.5 Construction of the Candidate Sets and the Hoard Set
17.4 Hoarding Techniques Based on Program Trees
17.5 Hoarding in a Distributed Environment
17.6 A Brief Comparison of the Various Hoarding Techniques
17.7 Future Directions for Hoarding Techniques
References
Chapter 18
Power-Aware Cache Management in Mobile Environments
Guohong Cao
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Cache Invalidation Techniques
18.2.1 Cache Consistency Model
18.2.2 The IR-Based Cache Invalidation Model
18.2.2.1 The Broadcasting Time Stamp Scheme
18.2.2.2 The Bit Sequences Scheme
18.2.3 The UIR-Based Cache Invalidation Model
18.2.4 Using Prefetch to Improve Cache Hit Ratio and
Bandwidth Use
18.2.4.1 Remarks
18.3 Techniques to Optimize Performance and Power
18.3.1 The Basic Scheme
18.3.1.1 The Basic Adaptive Prefetch Approach
18.3.2 The Value-Based Prefetch Scheme
18.3.3 The Adaptive Value-Based Prefetch Scheme
18.3.3.1 The Value of N p
18.3.3.2 AVP_T: Adapting N p to Reach a Target
Battery Life
18.3.3.3 AVP_P: Adapting N p Based on the
Power Level
18.4 Conclusions and Future Work
Note
References
Chapter 19
Energy Efficient Selective Cache Invalidation
Kian-Lee Tan
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Preliminaries
19.3 A Taxonomy of Cache Invalidation Strategies
19.3.1 Content of the Invalidation Report
19.3.2 Invalidation Mechanisms
19.3.3 Update Log Structure
19.3.4 Cache Invalidation Schemes
19.4 Selective Cache Invalidation Schemes
19.4.1 Selective Dual-Report Cache Invalidation
19.4.2 Bit-Sequences with Bit-Count
19.4.3 Discussion
19.5 Conclusion
References
SECTION V MOBILE AND AD HOC WIRELESS
NETWORKS I
Chapter 20
Self-Policing Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Sonja Buchegger and Jean-Yves Le Boudec
Abstract
20.1 Introduction and Overview
20.2 Node Misbehavior in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
20.2.1 Reasons and Enablers for Misbehavior
20.2.2 Attacks
20.2.2.1 Traffic Diversion
20.2.3 The Effect of Misbehavior
20.3 Overview: Main Solution Tracks
20.3.1 Payment Systems
20.3.2 Secure Routing with Cryptography
20.3.2.1 Secure Routing Protocol
20.3.2.2 Ariadne
20.3.2.3 Secure Efficient Distance
20.3.2.4 Security-Aware Ad Hoc Routing
20.3.3 Detection, Reputation, and Response Systems
20.3.3.1 Watchdog and Path Rater
20.3.3.2 CONFIDANT
20.3.3.3 CORE
20.3.3.4 Context-Aware Inference
20.3.3.5 OCEAN
20.3.4 Discussion
20.4 Self-Policing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
20.4.1 Enhanced CONFIDANT — a Robust Reputation
System Approach
20.4.2 Issues in Reputation Systems for Mobile
Ad Hoc Networks
20.4.2.1 Spurious Ratings
20.4.2.2 Information Dissemination
20.4.2.3 Type of Information
20.4.2.4 Response
20.4.2.5 Redemption, Weighting of Time
20.4.2.6 Weighting of Second-Hand Information
20.4.2.7 Detection
20.4.2.8 Identity
20.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 21
Securing Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Panagiotis Papadimitratos and Zygmunt J. Haas
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Security Goals
21.3 Threats and Challenges
21.4 Trust Management
21.5 Secure Routing
21.5.1 The Secure Routing Protocol
21.5.1.1 The Neighbor Lookup Protocol
21.5.1.2 The Basic Secure Route Discovery
Procedure
21.5.1.3 Priority-Based Query Handling
21.5.1.4 The Route Maintenance Procedure
21.5.1.4 The SRP Extension
21.6 Secure Data Forwarding
21.6.1 Secure Message Transmission Protocol
21.7 Discussion
References
Chapter 22
Ad Hoc Network Security
Hao Yang, Haiyun Luo, Jiejun Kong, Fan Ye, Petros Zerfos, Songwu Lu, and
Lixia Zhang
Abstract
22.1 Overview
22.2 Link-Layer Security
22.2.1 802.11 MAC Vulnerabilities
22.2.2 802.11 WEP Vulnerabilities
22.3 Network Layer Security
22.3.1 Message Authentication Primitives
22.3.2 Proactive Approach to Secure Ad Hoc Routing
22.3.2.1 Source Routing
22.3.2.2 Distance Vector Routing
22.3.2.3 Link State Routing
22.3.2.4 Other Routing Protocols
22.3.3 Reactive Approach to Protecting Packet Forwarding
22.3.3.1 Detection
22.3.3.2 Reaction
22.3.4 Sophisticated Intrusion Detection System
22.4 Supporting Element: Trust and Key Management
22.4.1 Trusted Third Party
22.4.2 Web-of-Trust
22.4.3 Localized Trust
22.5 Future Directions
22.5.1 Security in Depth
22.5.2 Evaluation
22.5.3 Solutions Anticipating Unknown Attacks
Note
Bibliography
Chapter 23
Modeling Distributed Applications for Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks Using Attributed Task Graphs
Prithwish Basu, Wang Ke, and Thomas D.C. Little
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Modeling Distributed Tasks with Task Graphs
23.2.1 A Modeling Framework for Task Execution
23.2.1.1 Preliminaries
23.2.1.2 Tasks and Task Graphs
23.2.1.3 A Taxonomy of Tasks
23.2.1.4 A Data Flow Tuple Representation Model
for Distributed Tasks
23.2.2 Embedding Task Graphs onto Networks
23.2.3 Metrics for Performance Evaluation
23.3 Algorithms and Protocols for Task Graph Instantiation
23.3.1 Optimization Problem Formulation
23.3.2 An Optimal Polynomial-Time Embedding Algorithm
for Tree Task Graphs with Distinct Labels
23.3.3 A Greedy Algorithm for Task Graph Embedding
23.3.4 A Distributed Algorithm for Task Graph Instantiation
23.3.4.1 Handling Device Mobility
23.3.4.1 Impact of Disconnections on Application
Layer
23.4 Performance Evaluation
23.4.1 Dilation
23.4.2 Embedding Time
23.4.3 Effective Throughput
23.4.4 Number and Time of Reinstantiation
23.4.5 Cumulative ADU Delay Distributions
23.5 Related Work
23.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Notes
References
Chapter 24
Medium Access Control Mechanisms in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Chansu Yu, Ben Lee, Sridhar Kalubandi, and Myungchul Kim
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 MAC Protocols
24.2.1 Random Access MAC
24.2.2 DCF of IEEE 802.11 MAC
24.2.2.1 ACK for Collision Detection
24.2.2.2 RTS/CTS and NAV for Solving Hidden
Terminal Problem
24.2.2.3 IFS for Prioritized Access to the Channel
24.2.2.4 Backoff Algorithm with CW to Provide
Fair Access with Congestion Control
24.2.2.5 EIFS to Protect ACK from Collisions
24.2.2.6 Performance Limit of DCF
24.3 Enhancing Temporal Channel Utilization
24.3.1 RTS/CTS Mechanism
24.3.1.1 Optimal Setting of RTSThreshold to
Tradeoff between Control and Collision
Overhead
24.3.2 Exponential Backoff Algorithm
24.3.2.1 Conservative CW Restoration to Reduce
Collisions
24.3.2.2 Different Treatment of New and Lost Nodes
for Fairness
24.3.2.3 Dynamic Tuning of CW to Minimize the
Collision Probability
24.4 Enhancing Spatial Channel Utilization
24.4.1 Busy Tone to Solve the Exposed Terminal Problem
24.4.2 Transmission Power Control to Reduce Interference
Range Radially
24.4.3 Directional Antenna to Reduce Interference Range
Angularly
24.4.3.1 oRTS/oCTS-Based DMAC
24.4.3.2 DRTS/oCTS-Based DMAC
24.4.3.3 DRTS/DCTS-Based DMAC
24.4.3.4 Other DMAC Protocols
24.5 Conclusions
Note
References
xxvi
Contents
SECTION VI MOBILE AND AD HOC WIRELESS
NETWORKS II
Chapter 25
Quality of Service Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks:
Past and Future
Jamal N. Al-Karaki, Ahmed E. Kamal
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Quality of Service in MANETs: The Basics
25.2.1 QoS Metrics
25.2.2 Challenges of QoS Routing Support in MANETs
25.3 QoS Routing Protocols in MANETs: Current Trends
25.3.1 QoS Routing in Flat Networks
25.3.1.1 Proactive QoS Routing Protocols
25.3.1.2 Reactive QoS Routing Protocols
25.3.1.3 Predictive QoS Routing Protocols
25.3.1.4 Ticket-Based Probing Routing
25.3.1.5 Bandwidth Calculation Based Routing
25.3.2 Hierarchical QoS Routing Protocols
25.3.3 Position-Based QoS Routing Protocol
25.3.4 Power-Aware QoS Routing in MANETs
25.4 QoS Routing in MANETs: Future Research Directions
25.5 Conclusion
Note
References
Chapter 26
Issues in Scalable Clustered Network Architecture for Mobile
Ad Hoc Networks
Ben Lee, Chansu Yu, and Sangman Moh
Abstract
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Classification of Cluster Architecture-Based Routing
Protocols
26.2.1 Flat Routing Protocols and Their Scalability
26.2.2 Cluster Architectures
26.2.3 Cluster Architecture-Based Routing Protocols
26.3 LCA for Routing Backbone
26.3.1 Clustering Algorithms
26.3.1.1 Master Selection Algorithms for LSG
26.3.1.2 Cluster Maintenance Algorithms for LSG
26.3.1.3 Master Selection Algorithms for LNG
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26.3.2 LSG-Based Routing Protocols
26.3.2.1 CGSR and HSR: Proactive Protocol with
Conventional Master-to-Gateway Routing
26.3.2.2 DSCR and LANMAR: Proactive Protocols
with Flat Routing toward M D
26.3.2.3 CBRP and ARC: On-Demand Protocols
with Conventional Master-to-Gateway Routing
(Allowing No, Single, or Joint Gateways)
26.3.3 LNG-Based Routing Protocols (On-Demand Protocols
with Master-to-Master Routing)
26.4 Cluster Architecture for Information Infrastructures
26.4.1 Clustering Algorithms
26.4.2 LLog-Based Routing Protocols
26.4.2.1 CEDAR Protocol
26.4.2.2 Zone Routing Protocol
26.4.3 LGeo-Based Routing Protocols
26.4.3.1 ZHLS Routing Protocol
26.4.3.2 GLS Protocol
26.5 Summary and Conclusion
Note
References
Chapter 27
Routing and Mobility Management in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
Ravi Sankar
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Ad Hoc Network: Definition, Characteristics, and
Applications
27.3 Desired Characteristics of Routing Protocols for MANETs
27.4 Conventional Routing Protocols
27.4.1 Problems with Conventional Routing
27.5 Review of Ad Hoc Routing Protocols
27.5.1 Table-Driven Routing Protocols
27.5.1.1 Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector
27.5.1.2 Wireless Routing Protocol
27.5.1.3 Link State Routing Protocols
27.5.1.4 Clusterhead Gateway Switch Routing
27.5.1.5 Hierarchical Routing Protocols
27.5.1.6 Summary of Table-Driven Protocols
27.5.2 On-Demand Routing Protocols
27.5.2.1 Dynamic Source Routing
27.5.2.2 Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector
Routing
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Contents
27.5.2.3 Associativity Based Routing
27.5.2.4 Summary of On-Demand Protocols
27.5.3 Hybrid Routing Protocols
27.5.3.1 Zone Routing Protocol
27.5.3.2 Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm
27.5.4 Comparison of the Routing Protocols
27.5.5 Other Protocols
27.5.5.1 Power-Aware and QoS-Aware Routing
27.5.5.2 Location-Based Routing
27.5.5.3 Flooding and Multicasting
27.5.5.4 Multipath Routing
27.6 Performance Issues and Challenges
27.7 Mobility Management in Ad Hoc Networks
27.8 Conclusion
Note
References
Chapter 28
Localized Broadcasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using
Neighbor Designation
Wei Lou and Jie Wu
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Classification
28.2.1 Probabilistic Algorithms
28.2.1.1 Counter-Based Scheme
28.2.1.2 Distance-Based Scheme
28.2.1.3 Location-Based Scheme
28.2.2 Deterministic Algorithms
28.2.2.1 Global
28.2.2.2 Quasi-Global
28.2.2.3 Quasi-Local
28.2.2.4 Local
28.2.3 Local Algorithms
28.3 Neighbor-Designating Broadcast Algorithms
28.3.1 Forward Node Selection Process
28.3.2 Multi-Point Relays
28.3.3 Dominant Pruning
28.3.4 Total Dominant Pruning and Partial Dominant
Pruning
28.3.5 CDS-Based Broadcast Algorithm
28.4 Other Extensions
28.4.1 Cluster-Based Broadcast Algorithm
28.4.2 K-hop Zone-Based Algorithm
28.4.3 Reliable Broadcast Algorithm
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Contents
28.5 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 29
Energy-Efficient Wireless Networks
Ionut Cardei and Ding-Zhu Du
Abstract
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Power-Aware Link Layer Adaptation
29.3 Energy Harvesting
29.4 Scheduling Node and Radio Activity
29.4.1 Power-Aware Medium Access Control
29.4.2 Energy-Efficient MAC Protocols for WSN
29.4.3 Node Activity Scheduling
29.5 Energy Conservation in Ad Hoc Routing
29.5.1 Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols
29.5.2 Power-Aware Broadcast and Multicast Tree
Construction
29.6 Energy-Aware Connected Network Topology
29.7 Conclusion
References
SECTION VII POWER MANAGEMENT
Chapter 30
Power Management for Mobile Computers
Thomas L. Martin, Daniel P. Siewiorek, Asim Smailagic, and Jolin Warren
Abstract
30.1 The Relationship between Power and Energy
30.2 Batteries
30.3 Power Supplies
30.4 Hardware Power Management States
30.5 Software
30.6 Case Study
30.6.1 Memory Bottleneck and Dynamic CPU Speed-Setting
30.6.2 Dependence of Battery Capacity on Load Power
30.7 General Guidelines
30.7.1 An “Amdahl’s Law” for Power Management
30.7.2 Evaluating Power Management Options
30.8 Conclusions
References
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Contents
Chapter 31
Power Awareness and Management Techniques
Ahmed Abukmail and Abdelsalam (Sumi) Helal
31.1 Introduction
31.1.1 Motivation
31.1.2 Taxonomy of Research and Industry Solutions
31.2 Hardware and Architecture Techniques
31.2.1 Smart Batteries
31.2.1.1 Battery Basics
31.2.1.2 Intelligent Power Drainage
31.2.2 Energy-Aware Processors
31.2.3 Reducing Power through CMOS Circuitry
Components
31.2.3.1 The Power Consumption Equation
31.2.3.2 Voltage and Frequency Scaling
31.2.3.3 Capacitance Load Reduction
31.2.4 Power Reduction through Architectural Design
31.3 Operating Systems and Communication Techniques
31.3.1 Energy Management Solutions
31.3.2 Memory and I/O Management
31.3.3 Communication Techniques
31.3.4 Scheduling
31.4 Software Application Techniques
31.4.1 Compilation Techniques
31.4.1.1 Reordering Instructions
31.4.1.2 Reduction of Memory Operands
31.4.1.3 Code Generation through Pattern Matching
31.4.1.4 Remote Task Execution
31.4.2 Application-Level Techniques
31.5 Tools and Packages for Low-Power Design and Measurement
31.5.1 PowerScope
31.5.2 Derivatives of SimpleScalar
31.5.2.1 The Power Analyzer
31.5.2.2 The Wattch Project
31.5.3 Other Power Estimation Techniques
31.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 32
Adaptive Algorithmic Power Optimization for Multimedia
Workload in Mobile Environments
Luca Benini and Andrea Acquaviva
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Scalability and Energy Optimization
32.2.1 Scalability in Modern Multimedia Applications
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Contents
32.2.1.1 Scalable Source Coding with Wavelets
32.2.1.2 Scalable Source Coding in MPEG-4
32.2.2 Energy Scalability
32.3 Adaptive Algorithmic Power Optimization
32.3.1 Stand-Alone Power Management
32.3.1.1 Adaptive Encoding Algorithms
32.3.1.2 Adaptive Decoding Algorithms
32.3.2 Collaborative Power Management
32.3.2.1 Operating System Collaborative Techniques
32.3.2.2 Server-Assisted Collaborative Techniques
32.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 33
Energy-Aware Web Caching over Hybrid Networks
Françoise Sailhan and Valérie Issarny
Abstract
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Power-Aware Communication
33.2.1 Energy Saving at the MAC Layer
33.2.1.1 Minimizing Collisions
33.2.1.2 Minimizing Channel Listening
33.2.2 Energy Saving at the Routing Layer
33.2.2.1 Ad Hoc Routing Protocols
33.2.2.2 Energy-Aware Ad Hoc Routing
33.2.3 Energy Saving at the Transport Layer
33.3 Web Caching in Ad Hoc Networks
33.3.1 Ad Hoc Communication for Cooperative Web Caching
33.3.2 Ad Hoc Cooperative Caching
33.4 Local Caching
33.4.1 Cache Management
33.4.2 Prefetching
33.5 Evaluation
33.5.1 Energy Consumption of Ad Hoc Networking
33.5.2 Energy Consumption of Ad Hoc Cooperative Caching
33.6 Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 34
Transmitter Power Control in Wireless Computing
Savvas Gitzenis and Nicholas Bambos
34.1 Introduction
34.1.1 Power Control Issues in Wireless Packet
Communication
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34.2 Packet Forwarding over Single-Mode Wireless Links
34.2.1 Optimally Emptying the Transmitter Buffer
34.2.1.1 The Simple Case of Independent Channel
Interference — Power Phases
34.2.2 Incorporating Packet Arrivals and Buffer Overflows
34.2.3 Design of PCMA Algorithms — Responsive Channel
34.2.4 The Multi-Transmitter/Multi-Receiver Case
34.3 Packet Forwarding over Multimode Transmission Links
34.3.1 Optimally Emptying the Transmitter Buffer
34.3.2 Structural Properties — The Independent Channel
Stress Case
34.3.3 Design of Multimode PCMA Algorithms for
Responsive Channels
34.4 Data Prefetching over Single-Mode Transmission Links
34.4.1 System Model
34.4.1 The Dynamic Programming Formulation
34.4.2 The Structural Properties of the Power Decision p
34.4.3 Online Look-Ahead Heuristics for Efficient Buffer
Control
34.4.3.1 No Prefetching — Efficient Data Downloading
34.4.3.2 Neighbor Prefetching — Depth-1 Look-Ahead
34.4.3.3 Deep Prefetching
Notes
References
SECTION VIII PERFORMANCE AND MODELING
Chapter 35
A Survey on Mobile Transaction Models
Abdelsalam (Sumi) Helal, Santosh Balakrishnan, Margaret H. Dunham, and
Youzhong Liu
Abstract
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Reference Model
35.3 Mobile Transactions: Definition, Characteristics, and Issues
35.3.1 Characteristics
35.3.2 Definition
35.3.3 Issues
35.4 Applicable Transaction Models
35.4.1 Open Nested Transactions
35.4.1.1 Properties of Open Nested Transactions
35.4.2 Split Transactions
35.4.2.1 Split Transaction Semantics
35.4.2.2 Properties of Split Transactions
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Contents
35.4.3 Sagas
35.4.3.1 Properties of Sagas
35.4.3.2 Limitations of Sagas
35.4.3.3 Extensions of Saga Model
35.4.3.4 Noncompensating Transactions
35.5 Approaches to Mobile Transaction Models
35.5.1 Reporting and Cotransactions
35.5.1.1 Properties of Reporting Transactions
35.5.1.2 Properties of Cotransactions
35.5.2 The Clustering Model
35.5.2.1 Clusters
35.5.2.2 Weak and Strict Transactions
35.5.2.3 Transaction Migration and Proxying
35.5.3 The Multi-Database Transaction Processing Manager
35.5.3.1 Architecture
35.5.3.2 Transaction Model
35.5.4 Pro-Motion
35.5.5 Prewrite
35.5.6 Semantic Transaction Processing
35.5.6.1 Exploiting Semantics for Concurrency and
Caching
35.5.6.2 Fragmentable and Reorderable Objects
35.5.7 The Kangaroo Transaction Model
35.5.7.1 Reference Model
35.5.7.2 Transaction Model
35.5.7.3 Properties
35.5.8 Time-Based Consistency Model
35.5.9 Two-Tier Replication
35.5.10 Isolation-Only Transactions
35.5.10.1 The Approach Taken
35.5.10.2 The Coda File System
35.5.10.3 What Is an IOT?
35.5.10.4 IOT Execution Model
35.5.10.5 Why Isolation Only?
35.5.10.6 IOT Consistency Guarantees
35.5.11 Bayou
35.5.11.1 Two-Tier Replication and Weak Consistency
35.5.11.2 Antientropy
35.5.11.3 Session Guarantees
35.5.12 A New Transaction Management Scheme
35.6 Comparative Analysis of Transaction Models
35.6.1 Consistency and Concurrency
35.6.2 Additional Infrastructure Requirements and
Compatibility with Commercial Databases
35.6.3 Communication Cost and Scalability
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Contents
35.7 Open Issues in Mobile Transactions
35.8 Summary
References
Chapter 36
Analytic Mobility Models of PCS Networks
Chien-Hsing Wu
Abstract
36.1 System Models
36.1.2 Cellular Systems
36.1.2 Markov Walk Models
36.2 Analysis for Location Update
36.2.1 Location Tracking and Updates
36.2.2 Two Renewal Processes and α k
36.2.3 Recursive Markov Analysis
36.2.4 Distributions µ (u) and φ (c)
36.3 Paging and Cost
36.4 Performance Evaluation
References
Chapter 37
Battery Power Management in Portable Devices
Vinod Sharma and A. Chockalingam
Abstract
37.1 Introduction
37.1.1 Relaxation Phenomenon in Batteries
37.2 System Model
37.2.1 Battery Discharge/Recharge Model
37.3 Analysis
37.3.1 Extensions and Generalizations
37.3.1.1 Exhaustive Service with Vacations
37.3.1.2 Nonexhaustive System with Vacations
37.3.1.3 Multi-Battery System
37.4 Performance Results and Discussion
37.4.1 Lithium Ion Battery Simulation Results
37.5 An Optimal Scheduling Problem
Notes
References
SECTION IX SECURITY AND PRIVACY ASPECTS
Chapter 38
Challenges in Wireless Security: A Case Study of 802.11
Nikita Borisov
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Contents
38.1 Introduction
38.1.1 Overview of 802.11
38.1.2 History
38.2 Wireless Security Threats
38.3 Encryption
38.3.1 Keystream Reuse
38.3.2 RC4 Weaknesses
38.3.3 New Standards
38.4 Integrity Protection
38.4.1 Integrity-Based Attacks
38.4.2 Replay Attacks
38.4.3 New Protocols
38.5 Authentication and Access Control
38.5.1 Authentication Extensions
38.5.2 Mutual Authentication
38.5.3 New Protocols
38.6 Key Management
38.6.1 New Protocols
38.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 39
Security for Mobile Agents: Issues and Challenges
Paolo Bellavista, Antonio Corradi, Corrado Federici, Rebecca Montanari, and
Daniela Tibaldi
Abstract
39.1 Security: a Missing Link for MAs’ Acceptance
39.2 Security Requirements
39.3 Security Countermeasures
39.3.1 User–Agent Trust
39.3.2 Protecting Agent Platforms
39.3.2.1 Secure Agent Code
39.3.2.2 Agent Authentication
39.3.2.3 Agent Authorization
39.3.3 Protecting Agents
39.4 Overview of Security Solutions in MA-Based Systems
39.5 Open Issues and Directions of Work in Secure MA Systems
39.5.1 Agents and Trust
39.5.2 Dynamic Configuration of Access Control
39.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
AU1971_C000.fm Page xxxv Wednesday, November 17, 2004 1:38 PM
Copyright © 2005 by CRC PressContents
Chapter 40
Security, Trust, and Privacy in Mobile Computing Environments
Lalana Kagal, Jim Parker, Harry Chen, Anupam Joshi, and Tim Finin
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Policies and Their Role in Security in Pervasive Computing
Systems
40.2.1 Introduction
40.2.2 Related Work
40.2.3 Approach
40.2.4 Discussion
40.3 Toward Privacy Protection in Pervasive Computing
Environments
40.3.1 Introduction
40.3.2 Previous Work
40.3.3 Design Principles for Building Privacy Systems
40.3.3.1 Notice and Consent
40.3.3.2 Proximity and Locality
40.3.3.3 Anonymity and Pseudonymity
40.3.4 Implementations of the Privacy Systems
40.3.4.1 Notice and Consent
40.3.4.2 Proximity and Locality
40.3.4.3 Anonymity and Pseudonymity
40.3.5 Context Broker Architecture
40.3.6 Privacy Policy Language
40.3.7 Meta-Reasoning with Policies
40.3.8 Discussion
40.4 Intrusion Detection in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
40.4.1 Introduction
40.4.2 Environments and Devices
40.4.3 Intrusion Detection
40.4.4 Ad Hoc Network ID
40.4.5 Research
40.4.6 Multiple Malicious Nodes
40.4.7 Directional Antennas and Power Control
40.4.8 Discussion
40.5 Conclusion
References

Another Mobile Computing Books
Download

Understanding WAP Wireless Applications, Devices, and Services

Contents
Preface xiii
1 Introducing the Wireless Application
Protocol
1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 How it all started 2
1.2.1 Why was this done together? 2
1.2.2 A worldwide solution 3
1.2.3 The WAP Forum Ltd. 3
1.2.4 The first commercial version of WAP 3
1.3 A brief description of what it is all about 4
1.3.1 Optimized for wireless communications 4
1.3.2 Deck of cards 4
1.3.3 The WAP stack 4
1.4 Applications using WAP 7
1.4.1 Information retrieval on the Internet 7
1.4.2 The serviceperson application 8
1.4.3 Notification applications 8
1.4.4 Mobile electronic commerce 8
1.4.5 Telephony applications 8
1.5 Benefits and market opportunities 9
1.5.1 Operator benefits 9
1.5.2 Content provider benefits 10
1.5.3 End user benefits 10
1.6 Challenges to the network operator 10
1.6.1 Creating a service package 11
1.7 What is next? 12
1.7.1 Interoperability 12
1.7.2 Products, of course! 12
1.7.3 Liaisons with other organizations 12
1.8 Conclusions 13
2 The Wireless Application Environment
for Creating WAP Services and
Applications
15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 The wireless markup language 17
2.2.1 Decks of cards 19
2.2.2 User input 20
2.2.3 Task invocation 21
2.2.4 Events 22
2.2.5 Variables and context 23
2.2.6 Other features of WML 24
2.3 Wireless markup language script 25
2.3.1 WMLScript variables and datatypes 26
2.3.2 WMLScript functions 27
2.3.3 Differences between ECMAScript and
WMLScript
27
2.3.4 WMLScript statements 27
2.3.5 Wireless markup language script standard
libraries
29
2.4 Byte-encoded WML and compiled WMLScript 29
2.4.1 Encoding of WML 30
2.4.2 Compilation of WMLScript 30
2.5 Overview of the wireless telephony application
interface
30
2.5.1 WTAI libraries 32
2.6 Migrating from WWW to WAP 33
2.6.1 WML and HTML 33
2.6.2 WMLScript and JavaScript 34
2.6.3 Using CGI and WAP gateways 34
2.7 Markup languages and XML 35
2.8 User agent capabilities and content negotiation 36
2.9 Miscellaneous elements of WAP of interest to
developers
37
2.9.1 Push 37
2.9.2 Wireless session protocol and HTTP headers 37
2.9.3 Binary encoding of wireless session protocol
headers
38
2.9.4 Cache control using wireless session protocol
headers
38
2.10 Available software tools 39
2.11 WML language reference 39
3 Designing Effective User Interfaces for
WAP Services
45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 The user interface design process 48
3.2.1 Holistic process 48
3.2.2 Customer satisfaction 49
3.2.3 Designing for tasks 50
3.3 Design principles 52
3.3.1 Economy 52
3.3.2 Modularity 52
3.3.3 Personality 52
3.3.4 Synthesis 53
3.4 Input techniques 53
3.4.1 Avoid text entry 54
3.4.2 Defaults 55
3.4.3 Lists 55
3.5 Navigation models 56
3.5.1 Form-based navigation 56
3.5.2 Question-and-answer navigation 57
3.5.3 Put the user in control 58
3.6 Testing the user interface 59
3.6.1 Different devices 60
3.7 Future developments 61
3.7.1 First-class WAP services 61
3.7.2 Adaptive user interfaces 61
3.8 Conclusions 62
4 Wireless Telephony Application:
Telephony in WAP
65
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 WTA architecture overview 67
4.3 The WTA framework components 68
4.3.1 The WTA user agent 68
4.3.2 The WTA interface 70
4.3.3 The repository 71
4.3.4 An event-handling mechanism 72
4.4 The WTA server 72
4.5 WTA services and WTA service providers 73
4.6 WTA security model and access control 73
4.7 WTAI— interfacing WAP with the mobile
network
74
4.7.1 The WTA interface design 74
4.7.2 Public WTAI 76
4.7.3 Network-common WTAI 77
4.7.4 Network-specific WTAI 78
4.7.5 Calling WTAI functions 79
4.7.6 WTA events 79
4.8 Repository 80
4.8.1 A persistent storage for fast service access 80
4.8.2 Channels and resources 80
4.8.3 Channel loading and unloading 83
4.9 Event handling 84
4.9.1 Event bindings 84
4.9.2 Event-handling procedure 84
4.9.3 Event parameters 86
4.9.4 Example: temporary event binding 87
4.9.5 Example: global event binding 87
4.10 Building a WTA application 88
4.10.1 The incoming-call handler service 88
5 Integrating WAP Gateways in Wireless
Networks
97
5.1 Overview 97
5.2 Positioning of WAP functionality in a mobile
network
98
5.2.1 WAP gateway 98
5.2.2 WAP-enabled mobile devices 99
5.2.3 WAP origin server 99
5.2.4 Wireless telephony application server 100
5.2.5 Additional support offerings by WAP gateway
manufacturers
100
5.3 Functional requirements of a WAP gateway 103
5.3.1 Standardized functionality specified by the
WAP Forum
104
5.3.2 Functionality required in integrating the
standardized WAP functionality to an actual mobile
network implementation
106
5.3.3 Value-added services provided by
manufacturers
109
5.4 WAP gateway future enhancements 113
5.4.1 Push applications 114
5.4.2 Security 114
5.4.3 Provisioning server 114
5.4.4 New generation mobile networks 114
5.4.5 Interim proprietary solutions 115
5.5 The WAP gateway— product differentiation
factors
115
6 Introduction to WAP Push Services 117
6.1 Introduction 117
6.2 Definition of WAP push 118
6.3 What do we have today? 118
6.3.1 Push on the Web 119
6.3.2 Push in the wireless domain 120
6.3.3 Can the solutions converge? 120
6.4 The WAP push framework 121
6.4.1 Gateways, proxies, and servers 121
6.4.2 Push initiators 123
6.4.3 Push access protocol 124
6.4.4 The push proxy gateway 126
6.4.5 Push OTA protocol 130
6.4.6 Mobile client behavior 131
6.4.7 Service indication 132
6.4.8 Service loading 134
6.5 Security aspects 135
6.5.1 Internet security 135
6.5.2 WAP security 135
6.5.3 End-to-end security 136
6.5.4 Transitive trust 136
6.6 Making it happen 137
6.6.1 Understanding customer value 138
6.6.2 Understanding the value chain 138
6.6.3 Making the money 139
6.6.4 Some examples of push services 140
7 Wireless Application Protocol Security 143
7.1 Introduction 143
7.1.1 Case 1 144
7.1.2 Case 2 144
7.1.3 Case 3 144
7.1.4 Case 4 145
7.2 Overview of cryptography 146
7.2.1 Symmetric-key cryptography 148
7.2.2 Public-key cryptography 148
7.2.3 Hybrid solutions 151
7.2.4 Cryptographic schemes 151
7.2.5 Public-key infrastructures 152
7.2.6 Summary 154
7.3 Security issues in a wireless environment 154
7.4 Security in WAP 156
7.4.1 Introduction 156
7.4.2 The WTLS protocol in detail 157
7.4.3 Security attributes of wireless transport layer
security
159
7.4.4 Comments on WTLS and WAP security 162
7.5 Conclusions 164
8 WAP for Operators 165
8.1 Introduction and background 165
8.2 Operator needs 168
8.3 Customer requirements 170
8.4 Critical success factors for WAP service
introduction
175
8.4.1 Generic critical success factors 175
8.4.2 WAP-specific critical success factors
8.5 WAP services 178
8.6 WAP business models from an operator's
perspective
8.7 Conclusion 185
9 Extending Integrated Unified
Messaging Solutions Using WAP
9.1 Introduction 187
9.2 Unified messaging concept 188
9.3 Unified messaging and the wireless application
protocol
189
9.4 Architecture of wireless application protocol
access to unified messaging system
190
9.5 Using the wireless application protocol to
expand unified messaging services
191
9.5.1 The WAP portal 191
9.6 Wireless application protocol access to unified
messaging services
192
9.6.1 Accessing voice and fax messages 192
9.6.2 Accessing e-mail messages 194
9.6.3 Directory services 196
9.6.4 Notification services 199
9.6.5 Service provisioning and billing 201
9.6.6 Self-provisioning with WAP 202
9.7 Corporate unified messaging systems 202
9.7.1 Network layout of the corporate unified
messaging solution
203
9.7.2 Wireless application protocol messaging and
additional services in corporate systems
205
10 Mobile Financial Services and
Applications
207
10.1 Introduction 207
10.2 A new electronic channel is born 207
10.3 Who are the users of this new channel? 208
10.4 Previous constraints to mobile commerce 209
10.5 Breakthrough technology 210
10.6 Strengths and weaknesses of the mobile
channel
210
10.7 The current range of mobile devices 212
10.7.1 SMS messages on GSM phones 212
10.7.2 USSD messages on GSM phones 213
10.7.3 Applications on the SIM of the phone 214
10.7.4 Microbrowser in smart phones and PDAs 214
10.8 Resident applications on the mobile device 216
10.9 Choice of mobile commerce platform 216
10.10 Existing mobile financial services and
applications
216
10.11 Principles of building scaleable n-tier
applications
220
10.12 Building WAP applications 223
10.13 Building multichannel applications 226
10.14 Building financial WAP applications 229
10.15 Sample banking application 232
10.16 Possible mobile financial services
applications using WAP
233
10.17 The role of other service delivery channels 235
10.18 The personal mobile phone and customer
relation management
235
10.19 Next generation of WAP-based financial
services and applications
236
10.20 Conclusion
Acronyms 239http://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gifhttp://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gif
About the Authors 243
Index 247http://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gif


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Context-Aware Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing for Enhanced Usability

Table of Contents
Foreword. ........................................................................................................................................... xvii
.
Preface . ............................................................................................................................................... xxi
Acknowledgment............................................................................................................................... xxix
Section I
Adaptation in Context-Aware Applications
Chaper I
Context-Aware Adaptation in an Ecology of Applications...................................................................... 1
Davy Preuveneers, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Koen Victor, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Yves Vanrompay, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Peter Rigole, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Manuele Kirsch Pinheiro, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Yolande Berbers, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Chapter II
Ontology Based Context-Aware Adaptation Approach......................................................................... 26
Tarak Chaari, LAAS-CNRS, France
Mohamed Zouari, IRISA-INRIA, France
Frédérique Laforest, LIRIS-CNRS, France
Chapter III
Context-Aware Applications for the Web: A Model-Driven Development Approach........................... 59
Florian Daniel, University of Trento, Italy
Section II
Advanced Context Management
Chapter IV
Distributed Context Management in Support of Multiple Remote Users............................................. 84
.
I. Roussaki, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
M. Strimpakou, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
C. Pils, Waterford Institute of Technology, Ireland
N. Kalatzis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
N. Liampotis, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Chapter V
An Adaptable Context Management Framework for Pervasive Computing....................................... 114
Jared Zebedee, Queen’s University, Canada
Patrick Martin, Queen’s University, Canada
Kirk Wilson, CA Inc, USA
Wendy Powley, Queen’s University, Canada
Chapter VI
Context-Aware Database Querying: Recent Progress and Challenges................................................ 147
Yuanping Li, Tsinghua University, China
Ling Feng, Tsinghua University, China
Lizhu Zhou, Tsinghua University, China
Section III
Context-Aware Mobile Services and Service-Oriented Architectures
Chapter VII
Employing Context Information and Semantics to Advance the Responsiveness
in Service Compositions...................................................................................................................... 170
Carsten Jacob, Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems (FOKUS), Germany
Heiko Pfeffer, Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems (FOKUS), Germany
Stephan Steglich, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
Chapter VIII
A Methodology for the Design, Development and Validation of Adaptive and
Context-Aware Mobile Services.......................................................................................................... 191
Heinz-Josef Eikerling, Siemens AG SIS C-LAB, Germany
Pietro Mazzoleni, IBM Watson Research, USA

Chapter IX
Bridging the Gap between Mobile Application Contexts and Semantic Web Resources. .................. 217 .
Stefan Dietze, Open University, UK
Alessio Gugliotta, Open University, UK
John Domingue, Open University, UK
Chapter X
Adaptive Resource and Service Management in a Mobile-Enabled Environment............................. 235
.
Claudia Raibulet, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Italy
Section IV
Context-Aware Communication, Security and Privacy
Chapter XI
Kindergarten: A Novel Communication Mechanism for Mobile Context-Aware Applications.......... 258
Nahuel Lofeudo, LIFIA. Facultad de Informática, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
Andrés Fortier, LIFIA. Facultad de Informática, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina;
DSIC. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CONICET, Argentina

Gustavo Rossi, LIFIA. Facultad de Informática, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina;
CONICET, Argentina
Silvia E. Gordillo, LIFIA. Facultad de Informática, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina;
CICPBA, Argentina
Chapter XII
Access Control in Mobile and Ubiquitous Environments................................................................... 278
Laurent Gomez, SAP Research, France
Annett Laube, SAP Research, France
Alessandro Sorniotti, SAP Research, France
Chapter XIII
Privacy Automation in Context-Aware Services................................................................................. 295
Amr Ali Eldin, Accenture, The Netherlands
Semir Daskapan, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Jan Van den Berg, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Section V
Context-Awareness for Enhanced Usability and Personalization
Chapter XIV
Leveraging Semantic Technologies towards Social Ambient Intelligence.......................................... 311
Adrien Joly, Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, France; Université de Lyon, LIRIS / INSA, France
Pierre Maret, Université de Lyon, France; Université de Saint Etienne, France
Fabien Bataille, Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, France
Chapter XV
An Evaluation of Context-Aware Infomobility Systems..................................................................... 338
Federica Paganelli, National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, Italy
Dino Giuli, National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, Italy
Chapter XVI
Incorporating Human Factors in the Development of Context-Aware Personalized
Applications: The Next Generation of Intelligent User Interfaces...................................................... 362
Nikos Tsianos, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
Panagiotis Germanakos, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
Zacharias Lekkas, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
Constantinos Mourlas, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
George Samaras, University of Cyprus, Cyprus
Compilation of References................................................................................................................ 383
About the Contributors..................................................................................................................... 418
Index.................................................................................................................................................... 429


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Introduction To Mobile Telephone Systems: 1G, 2G, 2.5G, and 3G Wireless Technologies and Services

by Lawrence Harte and David Bowler
ISBN:0974694320
ALTHOS © 2004 (43 pages)
This guide explains the evolution and capabilities of mobile telephone technologies, services, and applications from first generation analog, through second generation digital, to high-speed third generation digital broadband.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Mobile Telephone Systems—1G, 2G, 2.5G, and 3G Wireless Technologies and Services

Introduction to Mobile Telephone Systems

References:

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Mobile Computing Principles

Contents
Foreword by Roy T. Fielding page xi
Acknowledgments xv
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTIONS TO THE MAIN TOPICS
Chapter 1
Introduction to Mobile Computing 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Added Dimensions of Mobile Computing 8
1.3 Condition of the Mobile User 22
1.4 Architecture of Mobile Software Applications 25
1.5 Our Road Map 26
Chapter 2
Introduction to Mobile Development Frameworks and Tools 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Fully Centralized Frameworks and Tools 31
2.3 N-Tier Client–Server Frameworks and Tools 32
2.4 Java 37
2.5 BREW 55
2.6 Windows CE 64
2.7 WAP 72
2.8 Symbian EPOC 80
2.9 Publishing Frameworks 81
2.10 Other Tools 99
2.11 So What Now?: What Do We Do with These Tools? 102
Chapter 3
XML: The Document and Metadata Format for Mobile Computing 104
3.1 Introduction 104
3.2 XML Web Services 111
3.3 Key XML Technologies for Mobile Computing 118
3.4 XML and UML 144
3.5 Putting XML to Work 153
Chapter 4
Introduction to UML 155
by David Brady
4.1 Introduction 155
4.2 The User View 163
4.3 The Structural View 171
4.4 The Behavioral View 184
4.5 Implementation View: Component Diagrams 222
4.6 Summary 228
SECTION 2
DEVICE-INDEPENDENT AND MULTICHANNEL USER
INTERFACE DEVELOPMENT USING UML
Chapter 5
Generic User Interface Development 231
5.1 Introduction 231
5.2 User Interface Development 232
5.3 Building Generic User Interfaces 241
5.4 Using UML for Modeling Generic User Interface
Components 283
5.5 XForms 286
5.6 Putting It All to Work 314
Chapter 6
Developing Mobile GUIs 316
6.1 Introduction 316
6.2 A Deeper Look at WAP, J2ME, BREW, and Microsoft
Platforms for Mobile GUIs 340
6.3 Summary 397
Chapter 7
VUIs and Mobile Applications 399
7.1 Introduction 399
7.2 Qualities of Speech 401
7.3 Voice Transcription 405
7.4 Voice Recognition 407
7.5 Text-to-Speech Technologies: Converting Written Language
to Spoken Language 484
7.6 Summary 496
Chapter 8
Multichannel and Multimodal User Interfaces 497
8.1 Introduction 497
8.2 Modeling Multichannel and Multimodal Applications
with UML 506
8.3 Multimodal Content 513
8.4 Software and System Architectures for Delivering
Multimodality 544
8.5 Internationalization and Localization 552
8.6 The Evolving Definition of Multimodality 553
SECTION 3
ADDITIONAL DIMENSIONS OF MOBILE APPLICATION
DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 9
Mobile Agents and Peer-to-Peer Architectures for Mobile
Applications 557
9.1 Introduction 557
9.2 Mobile Agents for Mobile Computing 564
9.3 UML Extensions for Mobile Agents 574
9.4 Applications of Mobile Agents to Mobile Applications and
Implementation Tools 587
9.5 Solving Mobile Application Development Problems with
Mobile Agents 603
9.6 Techniques for Agent-Based Software 609
9.7 Peer-to-Peer Applications for Mobile Computing 611
9.8 What Lies Ahead 614
Chapter 10
Wireless Connectivity and Mobile Applications 615
10.1 Introduction 615
10.2 Quality of Service 620
10.3 Survey of Wireless Networking Technologies 624
10.4 Mobile IP 646
10.5 SMS 649
10.6 What Now? 651
Chapter 11
Synchronization and Replication of Mobile Data 652
11.1 Introduction 652
11.2 Taxonomy of Replication and Synchronization 654
11.3 Data Replication and Synchronization for
Mobile Applications 657
11.4 SyncML 662
11.5 WebDAV 672
11.6 Mobile Agents, Replication, and Synchronization 673
11.7 Using UML to Represent Data Replication and
Synchronization Schemes 674
Chapter 12
Mobility and Location-Based Services 676
12.1 Introduction 676
12.2 Data Acquisition of Location Information 677
12.3 GIS 684
12.4 Location Information Modeling 687
12.5 Location-Based Services Applied 698
12.6 Utilizing Location-Based Services with
Mobile Applications 702
12.7 Representing Location with UML 711
12.8 Security and Privacy of Location Information 719
12.9 Localization and Internationalization 720
12.10 Latest Developments in Location-Based Efforts 721
Chapter 13
Active Transactions 723
13.1 Introduction 723
13.2 Active Computing and Wireless Infrastructure 725
13.3 Practical Considerations of Building Active Systems 733
Chapter 14
Mobile Security 735
14.1 Introduction 735
14.2 Security in Wireless Networks 742
14.3 Security and Ad Hoc Networking Technologies 747
14.4 Location Information, Security, and Privacy 748
14.5 Security: The Unsolved Problem for Mobile Agents 748
14.6 Distinguishing Privacy and Security 749
14.7 Modeling Security with UML 751
SECTION 4
PUTTING THE PROJECT TOGETHER
Chapter 15
The Mobile Development Process 755
15.1 Introduction 755
15.2 Back to the Dimensions of Mobility 755
15.3 Applying the Wisdom Methodology to Mobile
Development 756
15.4 UML-Based Development Cycle for Mobile
Applications 757
15.5 Summary 772
Chapter 16
Architecture, Design, and Technology Selection for Mobile
Applications 773
16.1 Introduction 773
16.2 Practical Concerns with Architectures 785
16.3 Architectural Patterns for Mobile Applications 786
16.4 Summary 787
Chapter 17
Mobile Application Development Hurdles 788
17.1 Introduction 788
17.2 Voice User Interface Hurdles 788
17.3 Hurdles with Multimodal Applications 789
17.4 Problems with Building Location-Based Applications 790
17.5 Power Use 790
17.6 Summary 790
Chapter 18
Testing Mobile Applications 792
18.1 Introduction 792
18.2 Validating the Mobile Use Cases before Development 801
18.3 The Effect of the Dimensions of Mobility on Software Testing 801
18.4 Stress Testing and Scalability Issues 804
18.5 Testing Location-Based Functionality 805
Chapter 19
A Case Study 806
19.1 Introduction 806
19.2 Requirements Driving the Architecture 806
19.3 The Detailed Design 812
19.4 The Implementation 815
19.5 Summary 818
References 819
Index 835

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Third Generation Wireless Communications System

Contents
Preface xiii
Reference xvii
1 The Golden Age of Wireless 1
1.1 The First Golden Age, 1890–1940 1
1.2 A Quiet Interregnum, 1940–1990 4
1.3 The Digital Radio Revolution 7
1.4 The Capacity Crisis, 1995–2001 10
1.5 The New Golden Age 19
References 21
2 Shannon 23
2.1 “Our Shannon” 23
2.2 Claude Elwood Shannon (1916–2001) 26
2.3 Shannon Theory 31
2.3.1 Nyquist 32
2.3.2 The Impotance of Noise 35
2.3.3 Discrete Sources and Entropy 36
2.3.4 Channel Coding and Error Control 37
2.3.5 Quantization of Analog Sources 38
2.3.6 Power and Bandwidth 39
References 44
3 Wireless Systems Design: Problems
and Parameters 47
3.1 Three Unique Design Constraints 47
3.1.1 The Basic Communications Link and the
Nonengineerable Wireless Channel 48
3.1.2 The Nonclonable Wireless Channel and the
Challenges of Multiple Access 55
3.1.3 The Conundrums of Interference 59
3.2 The Basic Parameters: Channel, Signal, and Noise 61
3.2.1 The Primary Signal/Channel Dimensions: Space,
Time, and Frequency 62
3.2.2 Noise and Interference 65
3.2.3 Self-Interference 69
3.2.4 Orthogonality 72
3.2.5 Secondary Signal Dimensions: Amplitude and Angle 73
3.2.6 Tertiary Signal Dimensions: Signal Structure 77
3.2.7 Quaternary Signal Dimensions: The Structure of
the Payload 79
3.2.8 The Layered Signal and the Primacy of the Physical
Layer 81
3.3 First- and Second-Generation Wireless
Architectures 83
3.3.1 First-Generation Systems: Power Versus Noise 83
3.3.2 The Cellular Revolution: Reorganizing the
S-Dimension 84
3.3.3 Second-Generation Systems: Digital Extensions—
Reorganizing the T-Dimension 85
3.3.4 On the Threshold of 3G 86
References 87
4 Third Generation Systems: Physical Layer
Technology Strategies 89
4.1 From Interference Avoidance to Interference
Management 89
4.1.1 The Penalty for Orthogonality 90
4.1.2 Taming the Interference 98
4.2 Signal Hardening Techniques 100
4.2.1 Error Correction (Channel Coding) 101
4.2.2 Diversity Techniques 102
4.2.3 Convolutional Techniques 107
4.3 Signal Shaping Techniques 111
4.3.1 Compression: Source Coding 112
4.3.2 Baseband Shaping 113
4.3.3 Spectrum Shaping 114
4.3.4 Beam Forming: Smart Antennas 115
4.4 Signal Recovery 115
4.4.1 Cancellation of T-Interference (I): Equalization 116
4.4.2 Cancellation of T-Interference (II): Multipath
Combining 116
4.4.3 Cancellation of S-Interference: Spatially Selective
Receivers 118
4.5 Beyond Orthogonality: Convolved Wireless
Architectures and Design Principles 118
4.5.1 Signal Spreading 120
4.5.2 Interference Averaging 123
4.5.3 Signal Averaging: Noise-Like Signals 127
4.5.4 Interference Cancellation: Unscrambling the
Omelet 128
4.5.5 Adaptive Signal Design 131
4.5.6 Convolutional Signal Structures 134
References 135
5 Signal Hardening Techniques 139
5.1 Coding: A Vast Philosophy 140
5.1.1 Coding: The Standard View 144
5.1.2 A Deeper Look 146
5.1.3 Quantization: Many-to-One Mapping 147
5.1.4 Nonlinearity and Threshold Effects 153
5.1.5 Coding as Redundancy Construction: One-to-
Many Mapping 159
5.1.6 Signal Expansion: Channel Coding as Noise
Averaging 163
5.1.7 Message Space Expansion: Channel Coding as
Signal Geometry 166
5.2 Basic Channel Coding Strategies 175
5.2.1 Block Codes 175
5.2.2 Convolutional Codes 177
5.2.3 Decoding Algorithms 182
5.2.4 Performance: Coding Gain 184
5.3 Advanced Coding Strategies 186
5.3.1 Interaction Between Channel Coding and Source
Compression Strategies 186
5.3.2 Channel Characteristics and the Choice of
Coding Schemes: Burst Errors 190
5.3.3 Soft Decision Techniques 194
5.3.4 Side Information 199
5.3.5 Pilot Signals 201
5.3.6 Trellis Coding 202
5.3.7 Hierarchical Coding Structures: Concatenated
Coding, Turbo Coding, and Parallel Coding 206
5.4 Diversity Techniques 213
5.4.1 Frequency Diversity 217
5.4.2 Time Diversity 221
5.4.3 Space Diversity 222
5.5 Convolutional Signals 223
References 227
6 Signal Shaping Techniques (Transmitter-
Oriented Strategies) 231
6.1 Concepts of Efficient Transmission: Compression
and Shaping 231
6.2 Signal Nonlinearities: A Conundrum 236
6.3 Compression: Post-Shannon Source Coding
Strategies 241
6.3.1 Lossless Compression 244
6.3.2 Lossy Compression 251
6.3.3 Perceptual Coding 254
6.3.4 Correlative Quantization 256
6.3.5 Source Modeling 265
6.4 Baseband Signal Shaping 267
6.5 RF Signal Shaping 272
6.5.1 Bandwidth-Efficient Modulation 272
6.5.2 Linearized RF Systems 276
6.6 Smart Antenna Technologies (Transmission) 281
6.7 Adaptive Link Technologies 284
6.7.1 Adaptive Power Control 285
6.7.2 Adaptive Time Alignment 289
6.7.3 Adaptive Modulation 292
References 295
7 Signal Recovery Techniques (Receiver-
Oriented Strategies) 299
7.1 Logical-Level Signal Recovery Strategies: The
Active Receiver 303
7.1.1 Reliability Assessment and Erasure Strategies 308
7.1.2 Residual Redundancy and Codeless Error
Detection 310
7.1.3 Error Concealment 312
7.2 The Transfer Function: Modeling the Channel 315
7.2.1 Transmitter-Assisted Acquisition of the Transfer
Function 321
7.2.2 Blind Acquisition of the Transfer Function 321
7.2.3 The Source Model as a Basis for Blind Acquisition 322
7.2.4 A Priori Knowledge of the Physical Channel as a
Basis for Blind Acquisition 323
7.2.5 “Multipath Is Your Friend” 323
7.3 One-Dimensional Signal Recovery Strategies:
Equalization and RAKE Receivers 342
7.3.1 Subtractive Techniques: Equalization 344
7.3.2 Constructive Techniques: RAKE Architectures 351
7.4 Spatial Techniques: Array Processing 355
7.5 Multidimensional Signal Recovery Strategies 360
7.5.1 Multidimensional Equalization 361
7.5.2 Multidimensional RAKE Receivers 361
7.6 Multiuser Detection and Interference Cancellation 362
References 367
8 Signal Expansion Strategies: Beyond
Orthogonality 377
8.1 An Analogy: Stereo and Beyond 380
8.2 Spreading Forced Through Multiplication in the
Time Domain: Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum 393
8.3 Spreading Forced Through Multiplication in the
Frequency Domain: OFDM and Multicarrier
CDMA 406
8.3.1 Constructing the Complex F-Domain Signal 406
8.3.2 Tailoring the OFDM Signal to Fit the “Shape”
of the Channel Transfer Function 415
8.3.4 Multicarrier CDMA 428
8.4 Forced Spatial Spreading: Creating Artificial
Multipath 435
8.4.1 Creating Multipath: The Physical Aspect of Spatial
Spreading—Transmitter Diversity and Multiple-
Input/Multiple-Output (MIMO) Channels 436
8.4.2 The Coding Aspect of Spatial Spreading: Space–
Time Codes 440
8.4.3 Space–Time Architectures: Ultimate RF? 443
References 446
9 Epilogue:
The Red Queen and the Kitten 453
9.1 Countertrends 455
9.1.1 Verdú 455
9.1.2 Abramson 457
9.1.3 Viterbi et al. 460
9.1.4 Chuang and Sollenberger 461
9.2 Predictions 463
9.3 Whither Shannon? 465
References 469
About the Author 471
Index 473

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