Macworld Photoshop 6 Bible

Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Part I: Welcome to Photoshop 6 1
Chapter 1: What’s Up with Photoshop 6? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
What Is Photoshop? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Image-Editing Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Bitmaps versus objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
The ups and downs of painting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
The downs and ups of drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
When to use Photoshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
When to use a drawing program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
The Computer Design Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Photoshop Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Fast Track to Version 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Chapter 2: Inside Photoshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
A First Look at Photoshop 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
See Photoshop Run . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Splash screen tricks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Online studios resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
The Photoshop Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
The preview box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
The tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
The toolbox controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
The new Options bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
The floating palettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Rearranging and docking palettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Navigating in Photoshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
The view size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
The zoom tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
The zoom commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
The magnification box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Creating a reference window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Scrolling inside the window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
The Navigator palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Customizing the Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
The preference panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
General preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Saving Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Display & Cursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Transparency & Gamut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Units & Rulers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Guides & Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Plug-Ins & Scratch Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Image Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Chapter 3: Image Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
How Images Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Size versus resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Changing the printing resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Changing the page-layout resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
So what’s the perfect resolution? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
The Resolution of Screen Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
How to Open, Duplicate, and Save Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Creating a new image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Opening an existing image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Duplicating an image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Saving an image to disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
File Format Roundup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
The native format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Special-purpose formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Interapplication formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
The mainstream formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
The oddball formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Still can’t get that file open? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Adding file information and annotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Resampling and Cropping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Resizing versus resampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Cropping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Part II: Painting and Retouching 127
Chapter 4: Defining Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Selecting and Editing Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Specifying colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Using the Color Picker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Entering numeric color values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Working in Different Color Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
RGB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
HSB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
CMYK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
CIE’s Lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Understanding Lab anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Grayscale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Black and white (bitmap) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Using Photoshop’s Other Color Selection Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Predefined colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
The Color palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
The Swatches palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Swatches presets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
The eyedropper tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
The color sampler tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Introducing Color Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Why you should care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
How channels work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
How to switch and view channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Trying Channels on for Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
RGB channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
CMYK channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Lab channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Other Channel Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Color Channel Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Improving the appearance of color scans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Using multichannel techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Replacing and swapping color channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Chapter 5: Painting and Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Paint and Edit Tool Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Meet your tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Basic techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Brush Shape and Opacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
The Brushes palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Editing and creating brush shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Opacity, pressure, and exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Brush Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Exploring the Brush Dynamics palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Fading the paint (and other effects) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Creating sparkles and comets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Creating tapered strokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Setting up pressure-sensitive tablets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Brush Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
The 19 paint tool modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
The three dodge and burn modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Chapter 6: Filling and Stroking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Filling Portions of an Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Filling Selections with Color or Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
The paint bucket tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
The Fill command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Delete-key techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Using the paint bucket inside a selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Applying Gradient Fills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Using the gradient tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Gradient options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Gradient styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Creating custom gradations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Editing solid gradients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Creating noise gradients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Saving and managing gradients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Applying Strokes and Arrowheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Stroking a selection outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Applying arrowheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Appending arrowheads to curved lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Chapter 7: Retouching, Repeating, and Restoring . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Three of the Best . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Cloning Image Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
The cloning process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Touching up blemishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Restoring an old photograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Eliminating distracting background elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Applying Repeating Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Aligning patterns (or not) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Creating patterns and textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Building your own seamless pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Stepping Back through Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Using the traditional undo functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
The History palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Painting away the past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Part III: Selections, Masks, and Filters 311
Chapter 8: Selections and Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Selection Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
How selections work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Geometric selection outlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Free-form outlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Magnetic selections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
The world of the wand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Ways to Change Selection Outlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Quick changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Manually adding and subtracting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Using Shift and Option like a pro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Adding and subtracting by command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Softening selection outlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Moving and Duplicating Selections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
The role of the move tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Making precise movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Cloning a selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Moving a selection outline independently of its contents . . . . . . 347
Scaling or rotating a selection outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
The untimely demise of floating selections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
How to Draw and Edit Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Paths overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Drawing paths with the pen tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Editing paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Filling paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Painting along a path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Converting and saving paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Impoting and Exporting Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Swapping paths with Illustrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Exporting to Illustrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Retaining transparent areas in an image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Chapter 9: Masks and Extractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Selecting Via Masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Masking defined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Painting and Editing Inside Selections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Working in Quick Mask Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
How the quick mask mode works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Changing the red coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Gradations as masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Creating gradient arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Generating Masks Automatically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Extracting a subject from its surroundings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Using the Color Range command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
A few helpful Color Range hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Creating an Independent Mask Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Saving a selection outline to a mask channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Converting a mask to a selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Viewing mask and image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Building a Mask from an Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Chapter 10: Corrective Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Filter Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
A first look at filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
How filters work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Fading a filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Heightening Focus and Contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Using the Unsharp Mask filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Using the preset sharpening filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Sharpening grainy photographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Using the High Pass filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Blurring an Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Applying the Gaussian Blur filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
The preset blurring filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Antialiasing an image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Directional blurring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Softening a selection outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Noise Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Adding noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Removing noise with Despeckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Averaging pixels with Median . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Sharpening a compressed image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Cleaning up scanned halftones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Chapter 11: Full-Court Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Destructive Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
A million wacky effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
What about the others? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Third-party filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
One final note about RAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
The Pixelate Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
The Crystal Halo effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Creating a mezzotint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Edge-Enhancement Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Embossing an image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Tracing around edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Creating a metallic coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Distortion Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Reflecting an image in a spoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Twirling spirals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Creating concentric pond ripples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Creating parallel ripples and waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Distorting an image along a curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Changing to polar coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Distorting an image inside out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Distorting with the Liquify command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Wrapping an Image around a 3D Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Using the 3D Transform filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Layer before you apply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Adding Clouds and Spotlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Creating clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Lighting an image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Part IV: Layers, Objects, and Text 547
Chapter 12: Working with Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Layers, Layers Everywhere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Sending a Selection to a Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Other ways to make a layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Duplicating a layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Working with Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Switching between layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Switching layers from the keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Understanding transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Modifying the background layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Reordering layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Automated matting techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Blending layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Fusing several layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Dumping layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Saving a flattened version of an image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Selecting the Contents of Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Drop shadows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Halos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Spotlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Moving, Linking, and Aligning Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Linking layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
Uniting layers into sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Locking layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Using guides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
Automatic alignment and distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Setting up the grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Using the measure tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
Applying Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Transforming the entire image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Transforming layers and selected pixels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Numerical transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Masking and Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
Preserving transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
Creating layer-specific masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Pasting inside a selection outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
Masking groups of layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
Chapter 13: The Wonders of Blend Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Mixing Images Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Using Opacity and Blend Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
The Opacity setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
The blend modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Blend mode madness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Applying Advanced Blending Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Blending interior layer effects (or not) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Blending clipping groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Blending individual color channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Knocking out layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Knocking out by brightness value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Using Channel Operation Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
The Apply Image command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Add and Subtract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
The Calculations command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Combining masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Chapter 14: Shapes and Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Some Stuff We Never Ordered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Drawing Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
The pros and cons of shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
The shape tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
The shape drawing process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
Combining and editing shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Editing the stuff inside the shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
The Bold New Layer Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
The advantages of layer effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
Inside the Layer Style dialog box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
Modifying and Saving Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Disabling effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Duplicating effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Scattering effects to the four winds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
Saving effects as styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
Chapter 15: Fully Editable Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
The State of Type in Photoshop 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
The five flavors of text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
Text as art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Using the Type Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
Creating vertical type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Creating and manipulating text in a frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
Selecting text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Applying character formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
Applying paragraph formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
Warping text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Editing text as shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
Character Masks and Layer Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
Creating a text mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
Converting type to a path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Type masks on the march . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Layer effects bonanza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
Part V: Color for Print and the Web 715
Chapter 16: Essential Color Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Plunging Headlong into Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
A Typical Color-Matching Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
Setting up the source monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Selecting the ideal working space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722
Embedding the profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
Setting up the destination space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
Defining color management policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726
Converting the color space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Color Conversion Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Working spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Color management policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732
Advanced mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
Custom CMYK Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
Loading CMYK settings from a previous version of Photoshop . . . 742
Chapter 17: Mapping and Adjusting Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
What Is Color Mapping? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Color effects and adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
The good, the bad, and the wacky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
Quick Color Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Invert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
Equalize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Posterize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754
Quick Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Sucking saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
The Auto Levels commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
The Auto Contrast command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758
Hue Shifting and Colorizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758
Using the Hue/Saturation command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
Adjusting hue and saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
Colorizing images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Shifting selected colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
Shifting predefined colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
Using the Variations command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
Enhancing colors in a compressed image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773
Making Custom Brightness Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
The Levels command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775
The Curves command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
Gradient maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
Practical applications: continuous curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
Practical applications: arbitrary curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790
Adjustment Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
The advantages of layer-based corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794
Correcting a flat image using layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
Chapter 18: Printing Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Welcome to Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Understanding Printing Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Printing Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
Choosing a printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Setting up the page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804
Specifying a transfer function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816
Printing pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
Creating Color Separations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
Outputting separations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
Color trapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Printing Duotones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
Creating a duotone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
Reproducing a duotone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824
Editing individual duotone plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825
Spot-Color Separations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826
Printing Contact Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
Chapter 19: Creating Graphics for the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
The World of Web Imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Photoshop and ImageReady . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
Rules of Web Imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
The smaller, the speedier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
Mac and PC monitor brightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
More rules of Web imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834
Saving JPEG Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836
Preparing and Saving GIF Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840
Using the Indexed Color command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841
Specifying the palette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842
Editing indexed colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848
Making colors transparent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850
Saving (and opening) GIF with transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850
Optimizing JPEG and GIF Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
GIF optimization settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854
JPEG optimization settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858
The Optimization menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860
The Preview menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861
Output settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862
Saving PNG Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864
Slicing Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
Creating slices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
Editing slices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Setting slice options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869
Saving slices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870
Doing More in ImageReady . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
Creating an image map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
JavaScript rollovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873
Creating Web animations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876
Animations and rollovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
Appendix: Using the CD-ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883
Bonus Chapters On the CD-ROM
Chapter A: Constructing Homemade Effects
Chapter B: Actions and Other Automations
Chapter C: Macintosh Shortcuts
Chapter D: Windows Shortcuts
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889
End-User License Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938
CD-ROM Installation Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946

Download
Another Multimedia Books
Another Mac Books

Mac OS X Panther for Unix Geeks

By Brian Jepson, Ernest E. Rothman

Publisher : O'Reilly
Pub Date : February 2004
ISBN : 0-596-00607-1
Pages : 240


If you find yourself disoriented by the new Mac environment, Mac OS X Panther for Unix Geeks will get you acclimated quickly to the foreign new areas of a familiar Unix landscape. The new edition of this book is your guide to figuring out the BSD Unix system and Panther-specific components that you may find challenging. The book includes a quick manpage-style reference to the "Missing Manual Pages" --commands that come with Mac OS X Panther, although there are no manpages.


Copyright
Preface
Audience for This Book
Organization of This Book
Xcode Tools
Where to Go for More Information
Conventions Used in This Book
Comments and Questions
Acknowledgments from the Previous Edition
Acknowledgments from Brian Jepson
Acknowledgments from Ernest E. Rothman
Part I: Getting Around
Chapter 1. Inside the Terminal
Section 1.1. Mac OS X Shells
Section 1.2. The Terminal and xterm Compared
Section 1.3. Using the Terminal
Section 1.4. Customizing the Terminal
Section 1.5. The Services Menu
Section 1.6. Alternative Terminal Applications
Section 1.7. The open Command
Chapter 2. Startup
Section 2.1. Booting Mac OS X
Section 2.2. Adding Startup Items
Section 2.3. Scheduling Tasks
Chapter 3. Directory Services
Section 3.1. Understanding Directory Services
Section 3.2. Programming with Directory Services
Section 3.3. Configuring Directory Services
Section 3.4. NetInfo Manager
Section 3.5. Directory Services Utilities
Section 3.6. Managing Groups
Section 3.7. Managing Users and Passwords
Section 3.8. Managing Hostnames and IP Addresses
Section 3.9. Exporting Directories with NFS
Section 3.10. Flat Files and Their Directory Services Counterparts
Section 3.11. Restoring the Directory Services Database
Chapter 4. Printing
Section 4.1. Printer Setup Utility
Section 4.2. Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)
Section 4.3. Gimp-Print
Chapter 5. The X Window System
Section 5.1. About Apple's X11
Section 5.2. Installing X11
Section 5.3. Running X11
Section 5.4. Customizing X11
Section 5.5. X11-based Applications and Libraries
Section 5.6. Connecting to Other X Window Systems
Section 5.7. Virtual Network Computer
Chapter 6. Multimedia
Section 6.1. Burning CDs
Section 6.2. Video
Section 6.3. Image Editing
Section 6.4. 3D Modeling
Chapter 7. Third-Party Tools and Applications
Section 7.1. Virtual Desktops and Screens
Section 7.2. The Application Menu
Section 7.3. Exposé
Section 7.4. Virtual Desktops
Section 7.5. SSH GUIs
Section 7.6. RAqua
Part II: Building Applications
Chapter 8. Compiling Source Code
Section 8.1. Compiler Differences
Section 8.2. Compiling Unix Source Code
Section 8.3. Architectural Issues
Section 8.4. X11-Based Applications and Libraries
Chapter 9. Libraries, Headers, and Frameworks
Section 9.1. Header Files
Section 9.2. The System Library: libSystem
Section 9.3. Shared Libraries Versus Loadable Modules
Section 9.4. Library Versions
Section 9.5. Creating and Linking Static Libraries
Section 9.6. Creating Frameworks
Section 9.7. Prebinding
Section 9.8. Performance and Debugging Tools
Section 9.9. CHUD Tools
Section 9.10. Interesting and Impotant Libraries
Section 9.11. Numerical Libraries
Chapter 10. Perl
Section 10.1. Perl for Mac OS X Geeks
Section 10.2. Installing CPAN Modules
Section 10.3. Compiling Your Own Perl
Part III: Working with Packages
Chapter 11. Fink
Section 11.1. Installing Fink
Section 11.2. Using Fink
Section 11.3. FinkCommander
Section 11.4. Installing Binaries
Chapter 12. Creating and Installing Packages
Section 12.1. Using PackageMaker
Section 12.2. Using GNU tar
Section 12.3. Disk Images
Section 12.4. Creating Fink Packages
Part IV: Serving and System Management
Chapter 13. Using Mac OS X as a Server
Section 13.1. Getting Connected
Section 13.2. LDAP
Section 13.3. Postfix
Section 13.4. Built-in Services: The Sharing Panel
Chapter 14. MySQL and PostgreSQL
Section 14.1. MySQL
Section 14.2. PostgreSQL
Section 14.3. PHP and Perl
Chapter 15. System Management Tools
Section 15.1. Diagnostic Utilities
Section 15.2. Kernel Utilities
Section 15.3. System Configuration
Section 15.4. Third-Party Applications
Part V: Appendixes
Appendix A. The Mac OS X Filesystem
Section A.1. Files and Directories
Appendix B. Command-Line Tools: The Missing Manpages
AuthorizationTrampoline
autodiskmount
automount
CCLEngine
cd9660.util
certtool
checkgid
chkpasswd
configd
CpMac
create_nidb
DirectoryService
disktool
fixmount
fixPrecomps
FixupResourceForks
gcc_select
hfs.util
hostinfo
hwprefs
ipconfig
kdumpd
kuncd
languagesetup
makekey
mDNS
mDNSResponder
mount_devfs
mount_ftp
mount_smbfs
mount_synthfs
mount_volfs
msdos.util
notifyd
ntp-wait
ntptimeset
od
opendiff
open-x11
pdisk
pdump
postfix-watch
register_mach_bootstrap_servers
screencapture
scselect
scutil
SecurityServer
service
sips
SplitForks
systemkeychain
udf.util
ufs.util
unzip
vndevice
vsdbutil
zip
Appendix C. Mac OS X's Unix Development Tools
Section C.1. Standard Unix Development Tools
Section C.2. Apple's Command-Line Developer Tools
Section C.3. Macintosh Tools
Section C.4. Java Development Tools
Section C.5. Text Editing and Processing
Section C.6. Scripting and Shell Programming
Section C.7. Working with Files and Directories
Section C.8. File Compression and Storage
Section C.9. Searching and Sorting
Section C.10. Miscellaneous Tools
Colophon
Index

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OpenGL SuperBible 3rd Edition

OpenGL® SuperBible, Third Edition
By Richard S. Wright Jr., Benjamin Lipchak

Publisher : Sams Publishing
Pub Date : June 30, 2004
ISBN : 0-672-32601-9
Pages : 1200



OpenGL SuperBible, Third Edition is a comprehensive, hands-on guide for Mac and Windows programmers who need to know how to program with the new version of OpenGL. This book will help readers master and expand their knowledge of 3D graphics programming and OpenGL implementation. Seasoned OpenGL programmers will also find this learning tool serves as a reference that can be used time and again. This book explains how to draw lines, points, and polygons in space; move around in a virtual world; utilize raster graphics and image processing in OpenGL. In addition readers learn how to use fog and blending special effects; explore the use of OpenGL extensions; use shaders to create procedural textures; write vertex programs for dynamic special effects.

Copyright
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
We Want to Hear from You!
Introduction
What's in This Book
Conventions Used in This Book
About the Companion CD
Dare to Dream in 3D!
Part I. Classic OpenGL
Chapter 1. Introduction to 3D Graphics and OpenGL
What's This All About?
A Brief History of Computer Graphics
A Survey of 3D Effects
Common Uses for 3D Graphics
Basic 3D Programming Principles
Summary
Chapter 2. Using OpenGL
What Is OpenGL?
How Does OpenGL Work?
OpenGL: An API, Not a Language
API Specifics
Platform Independence
Animation with OpenGL and GLUT
The OpenGL State Machine
OpenGL Errors
Identifying the Version
Getting a Clue with glHint
Using Extensions
Summary
Reference
Chapter 3. Drawing in Space: Geometric Primitives and Buffers
Drawing Points in 3D
Setting Up a 3D Canvas
A 3D Point: The Vertex
Draw Something!
Setting the Point Size
Drawing Lines in 3D
Drawing Triangles in 3D
Building Solid Objects
Other Primitives
Other Buffer Tricks
Summary
Reference
Chapter 4. Geometric Transformations: The Pipeline
Is This the Dreaded Math Chapter?
Understanding Transformations
The Matrix: Mathematical Currency for 3D Graphics
Using Projections
Advanced Matrix Manipulation
Moving Around in OpenGL Using Cameras and Actors
Bringing It All Together
Summary
Reference
Chapter 5. Color, Materials, and Lighting: The Basics
What Is Color?
PC Color Hardware
PC Display Modes
Using Color in OpenGL
Color in the Real World
Materials in the Real World
Adding Light to a Scene
Using a Light Source
Lighting Effects
Putting It All Together
Shadows
Summary
Reference
Chapter 6. More on Colors and Materials
Blending
Fog
Accumulation Buffer
Other Color Operations
Summary
Reference
Chapter 7. Imaging with OpenGL
Bitmaps
Pixel Packing
Pixmaps
More Fun with Pixels
The Imaging "Subset"
Summary
Reference
Chapter 8. Texture Mapping: The Basics
Loading Textures
Mapping Textures to Geometry
A Simple 2D Example
Texture Environment
Texture Parameters
Texture Objects
Summary
Reference
Chapter 9. Texture Mapping: Beyond the Basics
Secondary Color
Anisotropic Filtering
Texture Compression
Texture Coordinate Generation
Multitexture
Texture Combiners
Summary
Reference
Chapter 10. Curves and Surfaces
Built-in Surfaces
Bézier Curves and Surfaces
NURBS
Tessellation
Summary
Reference
Chapter 11. It's All About the Pipeline: Faster Geometry Throughput
Model Assembly 101
Display Lists
Measuring Performance
Vertex Arrays
Summary
Reference
Chapter 12. Interactive Graphics
Selection
A Feedback Example
Summary
Reference
Part II. OpenGL Everywhere
Chapter 13. Wiggle: OpenGL on Windows
OpenGL Implementations on Windows
Basic Windows Rendering
Putting It All Together
Windows Palettes
OpenGL and Windows Fonts
Full-Screen Rendering
Multithreaded Rendering
OpenGL and WGL Extensions
Summary
Reference
Chapter 14. OpenGL on MacOS X
The Basics
Using the AGL and Carbon APIs
Using the Cocoa API
Summary
Reference
Chapter 15. GLX: OpenGL on Linux
The Basics
The OpenGL Extension for the X Window System
Creating Bitmap Fonts for OpenGL
Offscreen Rendering
Using the Motif Library
Summary
Reference
Part III. OpenGL: The Next Generation
Chapter 16. Buffer Objects: It's Your Video Memory; You Manage It!
First, You Need Vertex Arrays
Migration to Buffer Objects
Loading Data into Buffer Objects
A Few Loose Ends
Summary
Reference
Chapter 17. Occlusion Queries: Why Do More Work Than You Need To?
The World Before Occlusion Queries
Bounding Boxes
Querying the Query Object
Summary
Reference
Chapter 18. Depth Textures and Shadows
Be That Light
A New Kind of Texture
Draw the Shadows First?!
And Then There Was Light
Two Out of Three Ain't Bad
A Few Words About Polygon Offset
Summary
Reference
Chapter 19. Programmable Pipeline: This Isn't Your Father's OpenGL
Out with the Old
In with the New
Introduction to Shader Extensions
Summary
Chapter 20. Low-Level Shading: Coding to the Metal
Managing Low-Level Shaders
Instruction Sets
Variable Types
Input and Output Modifiers
Resource Consumption and Queries
Shader Options
Summary
Reference
Chapter 21. High-Level Shading: The Real Slim Shader
Managing High-Level Shaders
Variables
Expressions
Control Flow
Summary
Reference
Chapter 22. Vertex Shading: Do-It-Yourself Transform, Lighting, and Texgen
Getting Your Feet Wet
Diffuse Lighting
Specular Lighting
Improved Specular Lighting
Per-Vertex Fog
Per-Vertex Point Size
Customized Vertex Transformation
Vertex Blending
Summary
Chapter 23. Fragment Shading: Empower Your Pixel Processing
Color Conversion
Image Processing
Lighting
Procedural Texture Mapping
Summary
Appendix A. Further Reading
Other Good OpenGL Books
3D Graphics Books
Web Sites
Appendix B. Glossary
Appendix C. OpenGL ES
Reduction of Data Types
Totally Gone
Greatly Reduced Functionality
Conclusion
CD-ROM
What's on the CD-ROM
Windows Installation Instructions
License Agreement
Index

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Another Mac

Mac OS X in a Nutshell

Copyright
Preface
The Layers of Mac OS X
Audience for This Book
How This Book Is Organized
Conventions Used in This Book
Comments and Questions
Acknowledgments

Part I: Lay of the Land
Chapter 1. Using Mac OS X
Section 1.1. The Mac Desktop
Section 1.2. The Menu Bar
Section 1.3. The Dock
Section 1.4. Windows
Section 1.5. Opening and Saving Documents
Section 1.6. Services
Section 1.7. Logging Out and Shutting Down
Section 1.8. Starting Up and Logging In

Chapter 2. Using the Finder
Section 2.1. Finder Overview
Section 2.2. Finder Views
Section 2.3. Menus and Keyboard Shortcuts
Section 2.4. Files, Folders, and Disks
Section 2.5. Moving, Copying, and Renaming Objects
Section 2.6. The Get Info Window
Section 2.7. Favorites
Section 2.8. Searching for and Locating Files
Section 2.9. Relaunching the Finder

Chapter 3. Mac OS 9, Mac OS X,and Classic
Section 3.1. Changes to Mac OS X from Mac OS 9
Section 3.2. What Is Classic?
Section 3.3. Starting Classic
Section 3.4. Controlling Classic
Section 3.5. Managing Classic Applications
Section 3.6. Using Classic Applications
Section 3.7. Printing from Classic
Section 3.8. Dual-Booting with Mac OS 9

Chapter 4. Task and Setting Index
Accessibility
Accounts and User Management
AirPort
AppleScript
Background Images
Classic
Colors
Date and Time
Disks
Display
The Dock
Files and Folders
Finder
Fonts and Font Management
Groups
Internet, Web, and Email
.Mac Accounts
Menu Extras
Mice, Trackpads, and Scrollwheel Mice
Modems and Dial-Up Networking
Networking
Printer Configuration and Printing
Screensavers
Screenshots
Searching for and Locating Files
Security
System Information
System Status
Terminal Settings
Troubleshooting and Maintenance
Windows


Part II: System Configuration
Chapter 5. System Preferences
Section 5.1. Using System Preferences
Section 5.2. The System Preference Panels
Section 5.3. Speech Recognition and Speakable Commands
Section 5.4. Adding Panes to System Preferences

Chapter 6. Applications and Utilities
Section 6.1. Applications
Section 6.2. Installing Applications

Chapter 7. Networking
Section 7.1. Networking Basics
Section 7.2. Mounting Network Disks
Section 7.3. Web Browsing
Section 7.4. Using FTP
Section 7.5. Remote Logins
Section 7.6. Virtual Network Computers

Chapter 8. Printer Configurationand Printing
Section 8.1. How Printing Works
Section 8.2. The Print Dialog
Section 8.3. Print Center
Section 8.4. Page Setup
Section 8.5. Alternative Printer Interfaces
Section 8.6. Printer Sharing
Section 8.7. Configuring CUPS
Section 8.8. Printer Drivers
Section 8.9. Saving as PDF

Chapter 9. Filesystem Overview
Section 9.1. Mac OS X Filesystems
Section 9.2. Filesystem Organization
Section 9.3. Hidden Files
Section 9.4. The File Permissions System

Chapter 10. Running Java Applications
Section 10.1. How Java Works
Section 10.2. Running Standalone Applications
Section 10.3. Running Applets
Section 10.4. Java on the Command Line
Section 10.5. Building Applications with MRJAppBuilder


Part III: System and Network Administration
Chapter 11. System Administration Overview
Section 11.1. Acting as Root
Section 11.2. Managing Users and Groups
Section 11.3. Network Administration
Section 11.4. NFS
Section 11.5. Single-User Mode
Section 11.6. Cron Tasks

Chapter 12. Directory Services and NetInfo
Section 12.1. Open Directory Overview
Section 12.2. Directory Access
Section 12.3. NetInfo Concepts
Section 12.4. NetInfo User Interfaces
Section 12.5. Exploring Common Directories
Section 12.6. The Machines Directory
Section 12.7. For More Information

Chapter 13. Running Network Services
Section 13.1. Network Services Overview
Section 13.2. Running Services in Mac OS X
Section 13.3. Mail Services
Section 13.4. Web Services
Section 13.5. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Section 13.6. Remote Login Services
Section 13.7. File Sharing Services
Section 13.8. Configuring Startup Items

Chapter 14. Web Publishing with a DAMP System
Section 14.1. Elements of a DAMP System
Section 14.2. Setting Up DAMP
Section 14.3. Using Web Serving Frameworks


Part IV: Scripting and Development
Chapter 15. Development Tools
Section 15.1. Getting the Developer Tools
Section 15.2. The Developer Folder
Section 15.3. Development Applications
Section 15.4. Project Builder
Section 15.5. Programming Languages
Section 15.6. Interface Builder
Section 15.7. Libraries and Frameworks
Section 15.8. The Info.plist File

Chapter 16. AppleScript
Section 16.1. The Script Menu Extra
Section 16.2. Programming AppleScript
Section 16.3. Scripting the Terminal

Chapter 17. Text Editing on Mac OS X
Section 17.1. Types of Text Files
Section 17.2. Property Lists
Section 17.3. Graphical Text Editors
Section 17.4. Unix Text Editors
Section 17.5. Text Encodings

Chapter 18. Using CVS
Section 18.1. Basic Concepts
Section 18.2. CVS Administrator Reference
Section 18.3. CVS User Reference
Section 18.4. CVS in Project Builder


Part V: Under Mac OS X's Hood
Chapter 19. Using the Terminal
Section 19.1. Using the Terminal
Section 19.2. Process Management
Section 19.3. Terminal Alternatives

Chapter 20. Pattern Matching
Section 20.1. Filenames Versus Patterns
Section 20.2. Metacharacters, Listed by Unix Program
Section 20.3. Metacharacters
Section 20.4. Examples of Searching

Chapter 21. Shells and Shell Programming
Section 21.1. Introduction to the Shell
Section 21.2. Mac OS X Shells
Section 21.3. tcsh in Detail
Section 21.4. Variables
Section 21.5. Expressions
Section 21.6. Command History
Section 21.7. Command-Line Manipulation
Section 21.8. Job Control
Section 21.9. Built-in tcsh Commands
Chapter 22. The Defaults System
Section 22.1. Property Lists
Section 22.2. Viewing and Editing Property Lists

Chapter 23. Running the X Windows System
Section 23.1. Installing the X Windows System
Section 23.2. Running XDarwin
Section 23.3. Desktops and Window Managers
Section 23.4. X11-Based Applications and Libraries
Section 23.5. Aqua-Like X Windows with OroborOSX
Section 23.6. Aqua-X11 Interactions
Section 23.7. Connecting to Other X Window Systems

Chapter 24. Installing Unix Software
Section 24.1. Package Managers
Section 24.2. Installing from Source

Chapter 25. Unix Command Reference
Section 25.1. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
Appendix A. Resources
Section A.1. Books
Section A.2. Magazines
Section A.3. Mailing Lists
Section A.4. Web Sites
Colophon
Index

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