Social Networks and Health, Models, Methods, and Applications

Contents
Part I Models
1 Introduction 3
Relationships Matter 3
Random Sampling Is Not Enough 6
Literature Overview 7
Major Research Advances 9
Individual- and Network-Level Measures 21
Summary 25
2 History 26
History Reconsidered 28
Behavioral Science 30
Life Span Approaches 35
Public Health and Medical Applications 36
Summary 39
3 Methods 41
Data Collection Techniques 43
Data Management 50
Data Characteristics 55
Network Variables 55
Summary 60
4 Ego- and Personal-Network Effects 61
Measures 65
Statistical Analysis 70
Personal Network versus Sociometric Variables 72
Snowball/Sequenced Data 74
Summary 77
Part II Measures
5 Centrality 81
Degree 82
Closeness 83
Distances for Unconnected Nodes 85
Betweenness 87
Correlation among Centrality Measures 91
Other Centrality Measures 93
Link or Edge Centrality 93
Centrality versus Centralization 94
Centrality and Behavior 95
Characteristics of Opinion Leaders 98
Summary 99
6 Groups 100
Components and K-Cores 101
Girvan-Newman Technique 105
Groups and Behavior 108
Group Membership and Disease 109
Groups, Density, and Bridges 110
Summary 113
114
7 Positions
Network-Level Positions 115
CONCOR 121
Individual Positional Measures 122
Individual Measures as Positions 123
Positions and Behavior 124
Network Weights 125
Summary 126
128
8 Network-Level Measures
Size 129
Density 129
Mutuality/Reciprocity 130
Triads/Transitivity 132
Diameter/Average Path Length 134
Density and Cohesion 135
Clustering 137
Centralization 138
Core-Periphery 140
Two-Mode Data 144
Individual Network-Level Interactions 146
Summary 147
Part III Applications
9 Exponential Random Graph Models, P* and Actor
Oriented Models 151
Estimating the Link 153
Vectorizing the Matrix 153
Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGM) 156
Simulation 157
New Specifications 160
Obesity Example 161
Actor-Oriented Model 163
WINCART 166
Summary 170
10 Diffusion of Innovations 172
Homogeneous Mixing 175
Integration and Opinion Leadership 179
Structural Models 181
Dynamic Models 184
Empirical Estimates Using Diffusion Network Data 187
Infection and Susceptibility 190
Thresholds 191
Limitations to Diffusion Theory 194
Summary 194
11 Network Interventions 196
Opinion Leaders 197
Key Players 201
Groups 202
Identifying Leaders and Groups 203
Snowball Sampling or Network Recruitment 205
Rewiring Networks 207
Bridges and Potential Bridges 208
Links versus Nodes 209
Networks and Attributes 212
Iatrogenic Effects 214
A Pharmaceutical Marketing Example 216
Summary 218
12 Summary 219
Agent-Based Modeling 224
Increasing the Threshold 231
Statistical Analysis 232
Network Scale 232
Future Research Questions 233
How to Get Started 237
Limitations 237
Conclusion 238
Appendix A: Glossary 239
Appendix B: Sample Sociometric Survey 241
Appendix C: Sample Egocentric Survey 243
Appendix D: Centrality Scores for Network in Figure 1–1 245
Appendix E: Input Files (Network and Attribute) for the
Network in Figure 1–1 247
References 251
Author Index 269
Subject Index 273


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