Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgements xi
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Communication Puzzle 4
1.3 Applications of MANETs 7
1.4 Challenges 8
1.4.1 Scalability 9
1.4.2 Quality of Service 9
1.4.3 Client-Server Model Shift 10
1.4.4 Security 10
1.4.5 Interoperation with the Internet 11
1.4.6 Energy Conservation 11
1.4.7 Node (MH) Cooperation 12
1.4.8 Interoperation 12
1.5 Book Organization 13
1.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 16
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 17
References 17
2. Routing in Ad Hoc Networks 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Topology-Based versus Position-Based Approaches 20
2.3 Topology-Based Routing Protocols 22
2.3.1 Proactive Routing Approach 22
2.3.2 Reactive Routing Approach 28
2.3.3 Hybrid Routing Approach 37
2.3.4 Comparison 42
2.4 Position-Based Routing 42
2.4.1 Principles and Issues 43
2.4.2 Location Services 44
2.4.3 Forwarding Strategies 50
2.4.4 Comparisons 62
2.5 Other Routing Protocols 67
2.5.1 Signal Stability Routing 67
2.5.2 Power Aware Routing 68
2.5.3 Associativity-Based Routing 68
2.5.4 QoS Routing 69
2.6 Conclusion and Future Directions 74
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 75
References 75
3. Broadcasting, Multicasting and Geocasting 80
3.1 Introduction 80
3.2 The Broadcast Storm 82
3.2.1 Broadcasting in a MANET 83
3.2.2 Flooding-Generated Broadcast Storm 84
3.2.3 Redundancy Analysis 85
3.2.4 Rebroadcasting Schemes 87
3.3 Multicasting 97
3.3.1 Issues in Providing Multicast in a MANET 97
3.3.2 Multicast Routing Protocols 98
3.3.3 Comparison 124
3.4 Geocasting 124
3.4.1 Geocast Routing Protocols 126
3.4.2 Comparison 134
3.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 135
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 136
References 137
4. Wireless LANs 141
4.1 Introduction 141
4.2 Why Wireless LANs 142
4.3 Transmission Techniques 144
4.3.1 Wired 144
4.3.2 Wireless 145
4.4 Medium Access Control Protocol Issues 150
4.4.1 Hidden Terminal Problem 150
4.4.2 Reliability 152
4.4.3 Collision Avoidance 153
4.4.4 Congestion Avoidance 153
4.4.5 Congestion Control 154
4.4.6 Energy Efficiency 154
4.4.7 Other MAC Issues 155
4.5 The IEEE 802.11 Standard for Wireless LANs 155
4.5.1 Network Architecture 158
4.5.2 The Physical Layer 159
4.5.3 The MAC Layer 172
4.5.4 Security 187
4.5.5 System Design Considerations 192
4.5.6 An Overview of Past and Present IEEE 802.11 Efforts.. 195
4.5.7 The IEEE 802.lie MAC Protocol 201
4.6 Enhancement to IEEE 802.11 MAC 205
4.6.1 Power Control 205
4.6.2 Spatial Reusability 210
4.6.3 QoS Provisioning 215
4.7 The HIPERLAN/2 Standard for Wireless LANs 218
4.7.1 Physical Layer 218
4.7.2 MAC Layer 220
4.8 Conclusions and Future Directions 222
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 222
References 223
5. Wireless PANs 227
5.1 Introduction 227
5.2 Why Wireless PANs 228
5.3 The Bluetooth Technology 229
5.3.1 History and Applications 230
5.3.2 Technical Overview 231
5.3.3 The Bluetooth Specifications 238
5.3.4 Piconet Synchronization and Bluetooth Clocks 241
5.3.5 Master-Slave Switch 242
5.3.6 Bluetooth Security 243
5.4 Enhancements to Bluetooth 252
5.4.1 Bluetooth Interference Issues 252
5.4.2 Intra and Inter Piconet Scheduling 258
5.4.3 Bridge Selection 270
5.4.4 Traffic Engineering 274
5.4.5 QoS and Dynamic Slot Assignment 278
5.4.6 Scatternet Formation 280
5.5 The IEEE 802.15 Working Group for WPANs 282
5.5.1 The IEEE 802.15.3 284
5.5.2 The IEEE 802.15.4 287
5.6 Comparison between WPAN Systems 293
5.6.1 Range 293
5.6.2 Data Rate 294
5.6.3 Support for Voice 294
5.6.4 Support for LAN Integration 295
5.6.5 Power Management 295
5.6.6 Comparison and Summary of Results 296
5.7 WLANs versus WPANs 297
5.8 Conclusion and Future Directions 299
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 299
References 300
6. Directional Antenna Systems 305
6.1 Introduction 305
6.2 Antenna Concepts 307
6.2.1 Gain 308
6.2.2 Radiation Pattern 309
6.2.3 Beam Width 310
6.3 Evolution of Directional Antenna Systems 310
6.3.1 Sectorized Antenna Systems 310
6.3.2 Diversity Antenna Systems 311
6.3.3 Smart Antenna Systems 311
6.4 Advantages of Using Directional Antennas 314
6.5 Directional Antennas for Ad Hoc Networks 315
6.5.1 Antenna Models 316
6.6 Protocol Issues on the Use of Directional Antennas 319
6.6.1 Directional Neighborhood 320
6.6.2 New Types of Hidden Terminal Problems 321
6.6.3 Deafness 325
6.7 Broadcasting 326
6.7.1 Broadcasting Protocols 327
6.8 Medium Access Control 333
6.8.1 Single Channel 333
6.8.2 Multi-Channel 343
6.8.3 Other Protocols 345
6.9 Routing 347
6.9.1 Protocols 347
6.10 Conclusions and Future Directions 350
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 351
References 352
7. TCP over Ad Hoc Networks 354
7.1 Introduction 354
7.2 TCP Protocol Overview 355
7.2.1 Designed and Fine-Tuned to Wired Networks 356
7.2.2 TCP Basics 357
7.2.3 TCP Header Format 358
7.2.4 Congestion Control 361
7.2.5 Round-Trip Time Estimation 363
7.3 TCP and MANETs 364
7.3.1 Effects of Partitions on TCP 366
7.3.2 Impact of Lower Layers on TCP 370
7.4 Solutions for TCP over Ad Hoc 383
7.4.1 Mobility-Related 383
7.4.2 Fairness-Related 389
7.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 396
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 399
References 400
8. Wireless Sensor Networks 403
8.1 Introduction 403
8.2 The Mica Mote 405
8.3 Sensing and Communication Range 405
8.4 Design Issues 408
8.4.1 Challenges 412
8.5 Energy Consumption 416
8.6 Clustering of Sensors 420
8.6.1 Regularly placed sensors 421
8.6.2 Heterogeneous WSNs 425
8.6.3 Mobile Sensors 426
8.7 Applications 429
8.7.1 Habitat Monitoring 430
8.7.2 A Remote Ecological Micro-Sensor Network 432
8.7.3 Environmental Monitoring 432
8.7.4 Drinking Water Quality 435
8.7.5 Disaster Relief Management 435
8.7.6 Soil Moisture Monitoring 436
8.7.7 Health Care Monitoring 437
8.7.8 Building, Bridge and Structural Monitoring 437
8.7.9 Smart Energy and Home/Office Applications 439
8.7.10 DARPA Efforts towards Wireless Sensor Networks.... 439
8.7.11 Body Area Network 441
8.8 Conclusions and Future Directions 442
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 443
References 444
9. Data Retrieval in Sensor Networks 448
9.1 Introduction 448
9.2 Classifications of WSNs 450
9.2.1 Architecture of Sensor Networks 451
9.2.2 Network Architecture 452
9.2.3 Physical Layer 455
9.3 MAC Layer 455
9.3.1 Design Issues 457
9.3.2 MAC Protocols 458
9.3.3 Link Layer 469
9.4 Routing Layer 469
9.4.1 Network Structure Based 471
9.4.2 Flat versus Hierarchical 490
9.4.3 Multipath-Based Routing 495
9.4.4 Query-Based Routing 499
9.4.5 Location-Based Routing 500
9.4.6 Transport Layer 500
9.5 High-Level Application LayerSupport 501
9.5.1 Distributed Query Processing 501
9.5.2 Sensor Databases 501
9.5.3 Distributed Applications 502
9.5.4 In-Network Processing 503
9.5.5 Security 506
9.6 Adapting to the Inherent Dynamic Nature of WSNs 507
9.7 Conclusions and Future Directions 508
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 508
References 509
10. Security 515
10.1 Introduction 515
10.2 Distributed Systems Security 516
10.3 Security in Ad Hoc Networks 518
10.3.1 Requirements 518
10.3.2 Security Solutions Constraints 520
10.3.3 Challenges 521
10.3.4 Authentication 523
10.4 Key Management 524
10.4.1 Conceptual Background 525
10.4.2 Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement 527
10.4.3 N-Party Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement 529
10.4.4 The Ingemarsson Protocol 533
10.4.5 The Burmester and Desmedt Protocol 535
10.4.6 The Hypercube Protocol 536
10.4.7 The Octopus Protocol 538
10.4.8 The CLIQUES Protocol Suite 542
10.4.9 The Tree-Based Generalized Diffie-Hellman Protocol. 548
10.5 Secure Routing 550
10.5.1 Problems Affecting Secure Ad Hoc Routing 551
10.5.2 Secure Routing Protocols 556
10.5.3 The Wormhole Attack 577
10.6 Cooperation in MANETs 578
10.6.1 CONFID ANT 579
10.6.2 Token-Based 580
10.7 Wireless Sensor Networks 582
10.7.1 WSN Security 582
10.7.2 Key Distribution and Management 584
10.8 Intrusion Detection Systems 587
10.8.1 Overview 588
10.8.2 Unsuitability of Current IDS Techniques 589
10.8.3 An IDS Architecture for Ad Hoc Networks 589
10.8.4 Anomaly Detection 593
10.9 Conclusions and Future Directions 594
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 595
References 596
11. Integrating MANETs, WLANs and Cellular Networks 598
11.1 Introduction 598
11.2 Ingredients of a Heterogeneous Architecture 600
11.2.1 Mobile User Stations 601
11.2.2 Base Station and Access Point 602
11.2.3 Core IP Network (CN) 603
11.2.4 Possible Communication Scenarios 603
11.2.5 Design Factors 605
11.3 Protocol Stack 606
11.3.1 The Physical Layer 607
11.3.2 The Data Link Layer 608
11.3.3 The Network Layer 610
11.3.4 Transport Layer 619
11.3.5 Application Layer 620
11.3.6 Mobility and Connection Management 621
11.4 Comparison of the Integrated Architectures 625
11.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 629
Homework Questions/Simulation Projects 629
References 630
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