Showing posts with label English. Show all posts
Showing posts with label English. Show all posts

Friday, March 1, 2013

A History of English Literature



MICHAEL ALEXANDER
© Michael Alexander 2000
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with
the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W 1 P 0LP.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims
for damages.
The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988. 
First published 2000 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS 
and London
Companies and representatives throughout the world
ISBN 0-333-91397-3 hardcover 
ISBN 0-333-67226-7 paperback
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 O1 00 
Typeset by Footnote Graphics, Warminster, Wilts 
Printed in Great Britain by
Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, WiltsF


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Wednesday, April 11, 2012

Schaum's outline of English Grammar






Title: Schaum's Outline of English Grammar
Author: Eugene H. Ehrlich
Publisher: Mcgraw-Hill
Publication Date: 1991
Number Of Pages: 192
Average Amazon Rating: 4.0

Book Description:

An updated version of the very successful Schaum's Outline first published in 1976. This is a complete Outline of English Grammar with numerous examples and answered exercises. Material is thoroughly modernized to be competitive in the 90's. The rhetoric section makes this book appealing to teachers of writing courses. It also includes all the necessary grammatical material covered in both the first and second-year of the standard English courses.



English Grammar, Grammar Topics: Adverbs,verbs,adjectives,determiners,articles ..., english grammar in use, english grammar pdf, english, english grammar questions, grammer, english words, english speaking countries, english essay, english stories


Basic English Usage
Easy English Grammar 1
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Saturday, July 23, 2011

Cambridge Certificate In Advanced English - 4






Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English 4 contains four complete tests for the Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English (CAE) examination from Cambridge ESOL. These papers provide candidates with an excellent opportunity to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the CAE examination and to practise examination techniques using genuine papers from Cambridge ESOL. Attractive colour visual material for Paper 5 is included with each test, enabling students to prepare thoroughly for the paired interview (Paper 5). A 'with answers' edition also contains a comprehensive section of keys and transcripts, making it ideal for self-study. A Cassette Set containing the recorded material for the aural component of the exam (Paper 4) is also available. The Teacher's Book contains transcripts of the recorded material and answer keys. In addition, it provides a comprehensive guide to each paper and an insight into marking procedures and grading, illustrated by authentic sample answers.


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Friday, February 25, 2011

Focus On Advanced English Grammar Practice






Description : Focus on Advanced English Grammar Practice provides additional practice to support the main grammar and vocabulary areas found in each of the 14 units of Focus on Advanced English. This book can also be used as a freestanding workbook for students who wish to prepare for the Certificate in Advanced English examination. This new edition reflects the changes to the new edition of Focus on Advanced English Student`s Book and to the modified Certificate in Advanced English examination.

Focus on Advanced English Grammar Practice also contains:
- study tips to help with common grammatical problems
- space for written answers
- four Progress Tests
- a pull - out Answer Key


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Friday, February 18, 2011

OUP The Oxford Guide To English Usage






Title Page TITLE
Edition Notice EDITION
Notices NOTICES
Table of Contents CONTENTS
Introduction FRONT_1
Grammatical Terms Used in This Book FRONT_2
Abbreviations FRONT_3
Word Formation 1.0
abbreviations 1.1
-ability and -ibility 1.2
-able and -ible 1.3
ae and oe 1.4
American spelling 1.5
ante- and anti- 1.6
-ant or ant 1.7
a or an 1.8
-ative or -ive 1.9
by- prefix 1.10
c and ck 1.11
capital or small initials 1.12
-cede or -ceed 1.13
-ce or -se 1.14
co- prefix 1.15
doubling of final consonant 1.16
dropping of silent -e 1.17
-efy or -ify 1.18
-ei or -ie- 1.19
en- or in- 1.20
-er and -est 1.21
-erous or -rous 1.22
final vowels before suffixes 1.23
for- and fore- 1.24
f to v 1.25
-ful suffix 1.26
hyphens 1.27
-ified or -yfied 1.28
in- or un- 1.29
i to y 1.30
-ize and -ise 1.31
l and ll 1.32
-ly 1.33
-ness 1.34
-or and -er 1.35
-oul- 1.36
-our or -or 1.37
past of verbs, formation of 1.38
plural formation 1.39
possessive case 1.40
-re or -er 1.41
re- prefix 1.42
silent final consonants 1.43
-s suffix 1.44
-xion or -ction 1.45
-y, -ey, or -ie nouns 1.46
-y or -ey adjectives 1.47
y or i 1.48
-yse or -yze 1.49
y to i 1.50
Difficult and confusable spellings 1.51
Pronunciation 2.0
A. General points of pronunciation 2.1
a 2.2
-age 2.3
American pronunciation 2.4
-arily 2.5
-ed 2.6
-edly, -edness 2.7
-ein(e) 2.8
-eity 2.9
-eur 2.10
g 2.11
-gm 2.12
h 2.13
-ies 2.14
-ile 2.15
ng 2.16
o 2.17
ough 2.18
phth 2.19
pn-, ps-, pt- 2.20
r 2.21
reduced forms 2.22
s, sh, z and zh 2.23
stress 2.24
t 2.25
th 2.26
u 2.27
ul 2.28
urr 2.29
wh 2.30
B. Preferred pronunciations 2.31
Vocabulary 3.0
Grammar 4.0
adverbial relative clauses 4.1
adverbs without -ly 4.2
article, omission of 4.3
as, case following 4.4
as if, as though 4.5
auxiliary verbs 4.6
but, case following 4.7
can and may 4.8
collective nouns 4.9
comparison of adjectives and adverbs 4.10
comparisons 4.11
compound subject 4.12
co-ordination 4.13
correlative conjunctions 4.14
dare 4.15
double passive 4.16
either...or: 4.17
either (pronoun) 4.18
gender of indefinite expressions 4.19
group possessive 4.20
have 4.21
he who, she who 4.22
-ics, nouns in 4.23
infinitive, present or perfect 4.24
-ing (gerund and participle) 4.25
I or me, we or us, etc. 4.26
I should or I would 4.27
I who, you who, etc. 4.28
like 4.29
-lily adverbs 4.30
may or might 4.31
measurement, nouns of 4.32
need 4.33
neither...nor 4.34
neither (pronoun) 4.35
none (pronoun) 4.36
ought 4.37
participles 4.38
preposition at end 4.39
quantity, nouns of 4.40
reflexive pronouns 4.41
relative clauses 4.42
shall and will 4.43
should and would 4.44
singular or plural 4.45
split infinitive 4.46
-s plural or singular 4.47
subjects joined by (either...) or 4.48
subjunctive 4.49
than, case following 4.50
that (conjunction), omission of 4.51
that (relative pronoun), omission of 4.52
there is or there are 4.53
to 4.54
unattached phrases 4.55
used to 4.56
way, relative clause following 4.57
were or was 4.58
we (with phrase following) 4.59
what (relative pronoun) 4.60
which or that (relative pronouns) 4.61
who and whom (interrogative and relative pronouns) 4.62
who or which (relative pronouns) 4.63
whose or of which in relative clauses 4.64
who/whom or that (relative pronouns) 4.65
you and I or you and me 4.66
Appendix A. Principles of Punctuation A.0
apostrophe A.1
brackets A.2
colon A.3
comma A.4
dash A.5
exclamation mark A.6
full stop A.7
hyphen: A.8
parentheses A.9
period: A.10
question mark A.11
quotation marks A.12
semicolon A.13
square brackets A.14
Appendix B. Clich‚s and Modish and Inflated Diction B.0
Appendix C. English Overseas C.0
1. The United States C.1
2. Canada C.2
3. Australia and New Zealand C.3
4. South Africa C.4

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Thursday, February 10, 2011

Basic English Usage







This is an alphabetical guide to the most common problems of grammar and vocabulary.

Michael Swan is a writer specializing in English language teaching and reference materials.

His interests include pedagogic grammar, mother-tongue influence in second language acquisition, and the relationship between applied linguistic theory and classroom language-teaching practice, and he has published a number of articles on these topics.

Michael has had extensive experience with adult learners and has worked with teachers in many countries.

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Check Your Vocabulary for IELTS Examination






ISBN-1901659607

Nonnative speakers of English will find this instructional workbook a helpful source for improving and expanding their English language vocabulary in preparation for the IELTS examination (International English Language Test for Students).

Over 60 activities are provided, including word games, puzzles, and quizzes that are specifically designed to target problems areas common to nonnative speakers.


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Wednesday, February 9, 2011

Grammar Practice for Upper Intermediate Students






Longman | March 31, 2000 | English | ISBN: 058241721X | PDF | 209 Pages | 3,5 Mb
Description :
* Step-by-step grammar explanations with clear examples
* A wealth of varied practice exercises with write-in space on the page
* Tests to monitor students` progress
* Illustrated with lively cartoons to increase students` understanding
* An index and a comprehensive contents list for easy reference
* For self-study, homework or use in class.


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Longman English Grammar Practice for Intermediate Students








*Flexible -- the material can be used in any order, depending on students' needs.
*Clearly organized -- the Contents list, internal cross-referencing and omprehensive Index helps students select the areas of study required.
*Easy to use -- grammatical information is given in short, manageable amounts, immediately followed by practice exercises.
*Adaptable -- each item is marked with one, two or three asterisks to indicate the relative level of difficulty.
*Authoritative -- for students wishing to investigate as particular point in more depth this book is cross-referenced throughout to the Longman English Grammar. *Enjoyable -- the context exercise in each section is an entertaining story illustrated with a cartoon; Grammar practice needn't always be serious!


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Tuesday, February 8, 2011

English Repetytorium Tematyczno-Leksykalne 2






"English. Repetytorium tematyczno-leksykalne 2" to: - niezawodna pomoc dla maturzystów i zdających egzamin wstępny na wyższe uczelnie - tematy związane z życiem i kulturą Wielkiej Brytanii i Stanów Zjednoczonych - pomoc dla nauczycieli w przygotowywaniu zajęć - słownik tematyczny - zbiór pytań i reakcji językowych spo


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English Repetytorium Tematyczno-Leksykalne 1







Seria ENGLISH. Repetytorium tematyczno-leksykalne Małgorzaty Cieślak to:* zestawy opracowanych tematów maturalnych* przykładowe pytaniami i reakcje językowe, z którymi uczniowie często spotykają się na egzaminach (oparte na programie nauczania języka angielskiego w szkołach średnich)* część I zawierająca 77 tekstów w 14 blokach tematycznych (126 stron) + możliwość zamówienia kasety magnetofonowej z poszczególnymi tekstami zawartymi w książce* część II zawierająca 59 tekstów w 12 blokach tematycznych* część III zawierająca 61 tekstów w 11 blokach tematycznych + wiadomości dotyczące różnych form prac pisemnych ( rozprawki, recenzji, opowiadania itp.)TEMATY w części I: My everyday life. Education / Job. Activities. Holidays. Health. Shopping / Eating out / Services. Living. Environment. Mass media. Traditional holidays. Politics. Geography. The world of feelings. sdditional topics


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The Online English Grammar







TABLE OF CONTENTS
General
About the author
Which English?
Ask our English teachers a question
Visit the members' section of the English4Today website
Adjectives
as + adjective + as
comparative + than
comparatives & superlatives
comparisons of quantity - showing no difference
comparisons of quantity - menu
comparisons of quantity - showing difference
form - adjectives
function
irregular comparatives & superlatives
main menu - adjectives
not as + adjective + as
order of adjectives
the + superlative
Adverbs
certainty
comparative form
degree - enough,very,too,extremely,almost etc
form - adverb
function
interrogative - why, where, how, when
main menu - adverbs
manner - adverbs
menu - kinds of adverbs
place, adverbs of place
relative adverbs - which,what,whose
time, adverbs of
viewpoint, commenting
Determiners
defining words - which,whose
demonstratives - this,that,these,those etc
difference words - other,another
distributives - all, both, half
distributives - each, every, either, neither
distributives - menu
exceptions to using the definite article
menu - function and class
menu - quantifiers
possessives
pre-determiners
quantifiers 1 - determiners,a few,few,a little,little
quantifiers 2 - many,much,more,most etc.
quantifiers 3 - how,much,many,few,lot etc.
quantifiers 4 - numbers
quantifiers 5 - some and any
quantifiers 6 - something,somebody,someone etc.
quantifiers 7 - enough
question words - which,what,whose
the definite article
the indefinite article
the,a,an
Direct and Indirect Speech
changes of time and place reference
introduction - reported speech, 'that', say, tell, talk, speak
reporting hopes and intentions
reporting orders, requests, suggestions
reporting questions
summary of reporting verbs
tense changes
-ING Form
as present participle
gerund or infinitive?
gerund/infinitive - difference in meaning
gerunds
introduction - present participle, gerund
verbs followed by gerund
Irregular Verbs
common irregular verbs - group 1
common irregular verbs - group 2
common irregular verbs - group 3
introduction - irregular verbs
list of common irregular verb
Nouns
compound nouns
countable & uncountable
menu - nouns
nationalities
noun gender
plurals
use of capital letters
Passive
active/passive equivalents
form -past
function
get/have something done, x needs doing
Possessive with 's and '
possessive
Relative Clauses
defining relative clauses
introduction - defining relative clauses, non-defining relative
clauses
non-defining relative clauses
prepositions in relative clauses
The Infinitive
form, with or without 'to'
function
infinitive after question words
negative infinitive
other forms of infinitive
verbs + infinitive with/without noun
verbs followed by infinitive
verbs followed by noun + infinitive
zero infinitive
To Get
examples
get,got,getting
Verbs and Verb Tenses
future continuous
future forms - introduction
future forms - simple future
future perfect
future perfect continuous
future with 'going to'
if sentences with conditional perfect continuous
if sentences with if + past,would,present condtional
if sentences with if,condtional tenses
if sentences with if+not,unless,verbs
if sentences with mixed conditionals
if sentences with perfect conditional,if + past perfect
if sentences with wish, would rather, suppose, what if, if only
if setences with present continuous conditional
menu / introduction
other forms of future
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
present continuous
present continuous for future events
present perfect 1
present perfect 2
present perfect 3
present perfect 4
present perfect continous
simple past
simple present
simple present for future events
summary
type 1 conditional
zero conditional

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Saturday, January 15, 2011

English Vocabulary in Use Upper-Intermediate & Advanced






English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate is aimed specifically at upper-intermediate level learners. The material has been thoroughly revised following feedback from users of the first edition. The vocabulary presented in this new edition has now been informed by the Cambridge International Corpus of real language to ensure that the vocabulary is current, useful and relevant for learners. - 100 easy-to-use units: vocabulary items are presented and explained on left-hand pages with a range of practice exercises on right-hand pages. - Presents and explains new words in context, shows learners how to use them and how to work out rules for using them. - Contains a comprehensive, learner-friendly answer key. - Includes a detailed index with phonetic transcriptions to help with the pronunciation of difficult vocabulary. - Is beautifully illustrated in full colour.

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English Grammar in Use-Reference and Practice for Intermediate Students of English






Raymond Murphy


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Tuesday, January 11, 2011

Grammar and Vocabulary for Cambridge Advanced and Proficiency






Contents
Syllabus map
lntroduction
Unit one
Probienz tenses
Entry test
OVERVIEW
SECTION I Present Perfect
SECTION 2 Other Perfect forms
SECTION 3 Continuous forms
SECTION A The future
Voca buiary
SECTION 5 Stative verbs
SECTION 6 Collocation: an introduction


*Designed for all advanced students. Fully updated in line with the enw CPE exam, this New Edition provides thorough coverage of the structures and vocabulary essential for CAE and CPE exam success.
*Detailed grammar content. Clear presentation, an index of structures and a wealth of examples based on the Longman Corpus.
*Special focus on vocabulary. Revised vocabulary sections based on user feedback concentrate on words and phrases that are useful in all papers of the exams.
*Lots of opportunity to practise. A wide variety of exercises provide graded practice to confirm understanding and prepare for the CAE and proficiency exams, particularly Paper 3.
*Continuous testing in exam format. A diagnostic test for each unit and exam practice sections to check progress.
*A flexible approach. Can be used in many different ways; clear cross-references point you in the direction of related grammar or vocabulary areas.

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Teaching Academic ESL Writing Practical Techniques in Vocabulary And Grammar






Contents
Preface ix
Part I Academic Text and Teaching Second Language Writing
1 The Iportance of Text in Written Academic 3
Discourse: Ongoing Goals in Teaching ESL Skills
2 Student Writing Tasks and Written Academic Genres 17
3 Curriculum for Teaching the Language Features 33
of Academic Writing
Part II Sentences and Their Parts: Lexis and Grammar
4 Sentences, Phrases, and Text Construction 65
5 Nouns and the Noun Phrase 95
6 More on the Noun Phrase: Pronouns 125
7 Teaching Verb Tenses and Voice in Text Cohesion 143
8 Lexical Classes of Verbs: Meanings and Text Functions 177
9 Adjectives and Adverbs in Academic Discourse 209
Part III Text and Discourse Flow: The Sentence and Beyond
10 Backgrounding Discourse and Information: 241
Subordinate Clauses
11 Rhetorical Features of Text: Cohesion and Coherence 279
12 Hedging in Academic Text in English 313
References 337
Author Index 353
Subject Index 357


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Wednesday, January 5, 2011

TOEIC 800







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Longman Preparation Series for the toeic test Advanced 3e





Longman Preparation Series for the TOEIC Test: Advanced Course, 3 Edition
Pearson ESL | 2004 | ISBN: 0130988421 | 390 pages | PDF | 81 MB
Longman Preparation Series for the TOEIC® Test: Advanced Course, Third Edition, by Lin Lougheed, gives advanced students the skills, strategies, practice, and confidence they need to increase their scores on the TOEIC® Test. Ideal for a TOEIC® Test Preparation course or for self-study, the Advanced Course is intended for students who achieve TOEIC® Test scores from 450 to 850.

The Advanced Course features
Step-by-step strategies and skills to improve performance on each section of the test
An audio CD packaged with the book that includes practice material from the Listening Comprehension Review section from the book
Over 1,000 practice items that reflect the format and content of the TOEIC® Test
Complete Review Tests for both Listening Comprehnesion and Reading
Two complete Practice Tests, with accompanying TOEIC® Test-style answer sheets, for diagnosis or assessment and to accustom students to TOEIC® Test conditions.


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Tuesday, January 4, 2011

Fundamentals of English Grammar,Third Edition






By Betty Schrampfer Azar
Publisher: Pearson Education


PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
General Aims of Fundamentals of English Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Classroom Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Suggestions for Presenting the Grammar Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Degrees of Teacher and Student Involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Interactive Group and Pair Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Monitoring Errors in Interactive Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Techniques for Exercise Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Fill-in-the-Blanks and Controlled Completion Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Open Completion Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Transformation and Combination Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Oral Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Writing Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Error-Analysis Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Preview Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
Discussion-of-Meaning Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
Games and Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
Pronunciation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
Seatwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Using the Workbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Supplementary Resource Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
Notes on American vs. British English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
Differences in Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
Differences in Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Differences in Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Key to Pronunciation Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
The Phonetic Alphabet (Symbols for American English) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
Consonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
Vowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
NOTES AND ANSWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 1 PRESENT TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1-1 The simple present and the present progressive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1-2 Forms of the simple present and the present progressive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1-3 Frequency adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1-4 Final -s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1-5 Spelling of final -s/-es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1-6 Non-action verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1-7 Present verbs: short answers to yes/no questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Chapter 2 PAST TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2-1 Expressing past time: the simple past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2-2 Forms of the simple past: regular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2-3 Forms of the simple past: be . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2-4 Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2-5 Spelling of -ing and -ed forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2-6 The principal parts of a verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2-7 Irregular verbs: a reference list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2-8 The simple past and the past progressive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2-9 Forms of the past progressive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2-10 Expressing past time: using time clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2-11 Expressing past habit: used to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Chapter 3 FUTURE TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3-1 Expressing future time: be going to and will . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3-2 Forms with be going to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3-3 Forms with will . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3-4 Sureness about the future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3-5 Be going to vs. will . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3-6 Expressing the future in time clauses and if-clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3-7 Using the present progressive to express future time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3-8 Using the simple present to express future time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3-9 Immediate future: using be about to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3-10 Parallel verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Chapter 4 THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4-1 Past participle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4-2 Forms of the present perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4-3 Meanings of the present perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4-4 Simple past vs. present perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4-5 Using since and for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4-6 Present perfect progressive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4-7 Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4-8 Using already, yet, still, and anymore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4-9 Past perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Chapter 5 ASKING QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5-1 Yes/no questions and short answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5-2 Yes/no questions and information questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5-3 Where, why, when, and what time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5-4 Questions with who, who(m), and what . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5-5 Spoken and written contractions with question words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5-6 Using what a form of do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5-7 Using what kind of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5-8 Using which . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5-9 Using whose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5-10 Using how . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5-11 Using how often . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5-12 Using how far . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5-13 Length of time: it take and how long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5-14 More questions with how . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5-15 Using how about and what about . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5-16 Tag questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Chapter 6 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
6-1 Pronunciation of final -s/-es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6-2 Plural forms of nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6-3 Subjects, verbs, and objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6-4 Objects of prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6-5 Prepositions of time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6-6 Word order: place and time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6-7 Subject–verb agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6-8 Using adjectives to describe nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6-9 Using nouns as adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6-10 Personal pronouns: subjects and objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6-11 Possessive nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6-12 Possessive pronouns and adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6-13 Reflexive pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6-14 Singular forms of other: another vs. the other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6-15 Plural forms of other: other(s) vs. the other(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6-16 Summary of forms of other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Chapter 7 MODAL AUXILIARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7-1 The form of modal auxiliaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7-2 Expressing ability: can and could . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7-3 Expressing possibility: may and might
Expressing permission: may and can . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
7-4 Using could to express possibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
7-5 Polite questions: may I, could I, can I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7-6 Polite questions: would you, could you, will you, can you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
7-7 Expressing advice: should and ought to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
7-8 Expressing advice: had better . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
7-9 Expressing necessity: have to, have got to, must . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7-10 Expressing lack of necessity: do not have to
Expressing prohibition: must not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7-11 Making logical conclusions: must . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
7-12 Giving instructions: imperative sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
7-13 Making suggestions: let’s and why don’t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7-14 Stating preferences: prefer, like . . . better, would rather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Chapter 8 CONNECTING IDEAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8-1 Connecting ideas with and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
8-2 Connecting ideas with but and or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
8-3 Connecting ideas with so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
8-4 Using auxiliary verbs after but and and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
8-5 Using and too, so, either, neither . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8-6 Connecting ideas with because . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
8-7 Connecting ideas with even though/although . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Chapter 9 COMPARISONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
9-1 Making comparisons with as . . . as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
9-2 Comparative and superlative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
9-3 Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
9-4 Completing a comparative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
9-5 Modifying comparatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
9-6 Comparisons with less . . . than and not as . . . as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
9-7 Unclear comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
9-8 Using more with nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
9-9 Repeating a comparative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
9-10 Using double comparatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
9-11 Using superlatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
9-12 Using the same, similar, different, like, alike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Chapter 10 THE PASSIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
10-1 Active sentences and passive sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
10-2 Form of the passive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
10-3 Transitive and intransitive verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
10-4 Using the by-phrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
10-5 The passive forms of the present and past progressive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
10-6 Passive modal auxiliaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
10-7 Using past participles as adjectives (stative passive) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
10-8 Participial adjectives: -ed vs. -ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
10-9 Get adjective; get past participle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
10-10 Using be used/accustomed to and get used/accustomed to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
10-11 Used to vs. be used to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
10-12 Using be supposed to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Chapter 11 COUNT/NONCOUNT NOUNS AND ARTICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
11-1 A vs. an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
11-2 Count and noncount nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
11-3 Noncount nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
11-4 More noncount nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
11-5 Using several, a lot of, many/much, and a few/a little . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
11-6 Nouns that can be count or noncount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
11-7 Using units of measure with noncount nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
11-8 Guidelines for article usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
11-9 Using the or Ø with names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
11-10 Capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Chapter 12 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
12-1 Adjective clauses: introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
12-2 Using who and whom in adjective clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
12-3 Using who, who(m), and that in adjective clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
12-4 Using which and that in adjective clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
12-5 Singular and plural verbs in adjective clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
12-6 Using prepositions in adjective clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
12-7 Using whose in adjective clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Chapter 13 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
13-1 Verb gerund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
13-2 Go -ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
13-3 Verb infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
13-4 Verb gerund or infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
13-5 Preposition gerund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
13-6 Using by and with to express how something is done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
13-7 Using gerunds as subjects; using it infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
13-8 It infinitive: using for (someone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
13-9 Expressing purpose with in order to and for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
13-10 Using infinitives with too and enough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Chapter 14 NOUN CLAUSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
14-1 Noun clauses: introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
14-2 Noun clauses that begin with a question word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
14-3 Noun clauses with who, what, whose be . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
14-4 Noun clauses that begin with if or whether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
14-5 Noun clauses that begin with that . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
14-6 Other uses of that-clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
14-7 Substituting so for a that-clause in conversational responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
14-8 Quoted speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
14-9 Quoted speech vs. reported speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
14-10 Verb forms in reported speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
14-11 Common reporting verbs: tell, ask, answer/reply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Appendix 1 PHRASAL VERBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
A1-1 Phrasal verbs: introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
A1-2 Phrasal verbs: intransitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
A1-3 Three-word phrasal verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
A1-4 Phrasal verbs: a reference list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Appendix 2 PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
A2-1 Preposition combinations: introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
A2-2 Preposition combinations: a reference list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

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Monday, January 3, 2011

Easy English Grammar 1














Title: Easy English Grammar 1
Level: Elementary
Author(s): David Charlton and Liana Robinson
Publisher: Compass Publishing
Date: Jan 1, 2005
Pages: 70
Size: 4.55 Mb
Format: PDF
Quality: Very good, well-scanned
Language: American English

Easy English Grammar is a clear and concise grammar reference series designed for young English language learners. Easy English Grammar blends concrete grammar explanations and exercises with engaging activities to help students acquire a solid foundation of basic, high-frequency structures.

The communicative picture-based activities in each unit of the series support young EFL/ESL learners in the first stages of English language development.

Features
• Creative activities for practicing new grammar points
• Fun, full-color illustrations to stimulate learner interest
• Two review sections in each level, including board games based on previous lessons
• Two comprehensive review tests
• Colorful flash cards and fun review games
• Word list including all new vocabulary within each book
• Free downloadable sample lessons in video format


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