Converging Technologies and improving Human Performance

Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... ix
OVERVIEW................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Background.................................................................................................................... 1
2. Timely and Broad Opportunity...................................................................................... 2
3. Vision for Enhancing Human Abilities and Societal Performance................................ 4
4. Strategies for Transformation ........................................................................................ 7
5. Towards Unifying Science and Converging Technology.............................................. 9
6. Major Themes.............................................................................................................. 12
7. Future Prospects........................................................................................................... 14
8. Recommendations........................................................................................................ 20
GENERAL STATEMENTS AND VISIONARY PROJECTS ................................................ 25
A. MOTIVATION AND OUTLOOK............................................................................................ 25
Theme A Summary
Panel: P. Bond, J. Canton, M. Dastoor, N. Gingrich, M. Hirschbein, C.H. Huettner,
P. Kuekes, J. Watson, M.C. Roco, S. Venneri, R.S. Williams................................... 25
Statements
National Strategy towards Converging Science and Technology (C.H. Huettner) .......... 27
Converging Technologies and Competitiveness (P. Bond) .............................................. 28
Vision for the Converging Technologies (N. Gingrich) ................................................... 31
Zone of Convergence Between Bio/Info/Nano Technologies: NASA’s
Nanotechnology Initiative (S. Venneri, M. Hirschbein, M. Dastoor) ........................ 48
Biomedicine Eyes 2020 (J. Watson)................................................................................. 51
Balancing Opportunities and Investments for NBIC (R.S. Williams, P. Kuekes)............ 58
The Impact of Convergent Technologies and the Future of Business and the Economy
(J. Canton,) ................................................................................................................. 61
Coherence and Divergence of Megatrends in Science and Engineering (M.C. Roco)..... 69
B. EXPANDING HUMAN COGNITION AND COMMUNICATION ...................................... 85
Theme B Summary
Panel: W.S. Bainbridge, R. Burger, J. Canton, R. Golledge, R.E. Horn, P. Kuekes,
J. Loomis, C.A. Murray, P. Penz, B.M. Pierce, J. Pollack, W. Robinett, J. Spohrer,
S. Turkle, L.T. Wilson ...................................................................................................... 85
Statements
NBICS (Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno-Socio) Convergence to Improve Human Performance:
Opportunities and Challenges (J. Spohrer)................................................................. 89
Sensor System Engineering Insights on Improving Human Cognition and
Communication (B.M. Pierce) ................................................................................. 102
Can Nanotechnology Dramatically Affect the Architecture of Future Communications
Networks? (C.A. Murray) ........................................................................................ 104
Spatial Cognition and Converging Technologies (R. Golledge) .................................... 106
Visual Language and Converging Technologies in the Next 10-15 Years (and
Beyond) (R.E. Horn) ................................................................................................ 124
Sociable Technologies: Enhancing Human Performance when the computer is not a
tool but a companion (S. Turkle).............................................................................. 133
Visionary Projects
Socio-tech...the Predictive Science of Societal Behavior (G. Yonas,
J. Glicken Turnley)................................................................................................... 140
Breaking the Limits on Design Complexity (J. Pollack) ................................................ 143
Enhancing Personal Area Sensory and Social Communication Through Converging
Technologies (R. Burger) ......................................................................................... 146
The Consequences of Fully Understanding the Brain (W. Robinett) ............................. 148
User-Interface Olympics: Using Competition to Drive Innovation (W. Robinett)......... 151
Accelerating Convergence of Biotechnology, Nanotechnology, & Information
Technology (L.T. Wilson)......................................................................................... 154
C. IMPROVING HUMAN HEALTH AND PHYSICAL CAPABILITIES .............................. 159
Theme C Summary
J. Bonadio, L. Cauller, B. Chance, P. Connolly, E. Garcia-Rill, R. Golledge,
M. Heller, P.C. Johnson, K.A. Kang, A.P. Lee, R.R. Llinas, J.M. Loomis, V.
Makarov, M.A.L. Nicolelis, L. Parsons, A. Penz, A.T. Pope, J. Watson, G.
Wolbring................................................................................................................... 159
Statements
Nanobiotechnology and Life Extension (P. Connolly)................................................... 162
The Nano-Bio Connection and Its Implication for Human Performance (M. Heller) .... 169
Gene Therapy: Reinventing the Wheel or Useful Adjunct to Existing Paradigms?
(J. Bonadio) .............................................................................................................. 171
Implications of the Continuum of Bioinformatics (P.C. Johnson).................................. 183
Sensory replacement and sensory substitution: Overview and prospects for the future
(J.M. Loomis) ........................................................................................................... 189
Vision Statement: Interacting Brain (B. Chance, K.A. Kang) ........................................ 199
Focusing the possibilities of Nanotechnology for Cognitive Evolution and Human
Performance (E. Garcia-Rill).................................................................................... 201
Science and Technology and the Triple D (Disease, Disability, Defect) (G. Wolbring) 206
Visionary Projects
Brain-Machine Interface via a Neurovascular Approach (R. Llinás, V. Makarov)........ 216
Human-Machine Interaction: Potential Impact of Nanotechology in the Design of
Neuroprosthetic Devices Aimed at Restoring or Augmenting Human Performance
(M. Nicolelis) ........................................................................................................... 223
Nanotechnology: The Merging of Diagnostics and Treatment (A.P. Lee)..................... 226
Artificial Brains and Natural Intelligence (L. Cauller, A Penz) ..................................... 227
Converging Technologies for Physiological Self-regulation (A.T. Pope, O. Palsson)... 231
Improving Quality of Life of Disabled People using Converging Technologies
(G. Wolbring, R. Golledge)...................................................................................... 240
D. ENHANCING GROUP AND SOCIETAL OUTCOMES .................................................... 243
Theme D Summary
Panel: J.S. Albus, W.S. Bainbridge, J. Banfield, M. Dastoor, C.A. Murray, K. Carley,
M. Hirshbein, T. Masciangioli, T. Miller, R. Norwood, R. Price, P. Rubin,
J. Sargent, G. Strong, W.A. Wallace........................................................................ 243
Statements
Cognition, Social Interaction, Communication and Convergent Technologies
(P. Rubin) ................................................................................................................. 245
Engineering the Science of Cognition to Enhance Human Performance
(W.A. Wallace) ........................................................................................................ 248
Engineering of Mind for Enhancing Human Productivity (J.S. Albus).......................... 249
Making Sense of the World: Convergent Technologies for Environmental Science
(J. Banfield).............................................................................................................. 260
Visionary Projects
The Communicator: Enhancement of Group Communication, Efficiency and
Creativity (P. Rubin, M. Hirschbein, T. Masciangioli, T. Miller, C. Murray,
R. Norwood, J. Sargent)........................................................................................... 265
Enhanced Knowledge-Based Human Organization and Social Change (K. Carley) ..... 270
A Vision for the Aircraft of the 21st Century
(S. Venneri, M. Hirschbein, M. Dastoor)................................................................. 275
Memetics: A Potential New Science (G. Strong, W.S. Bainbridge)............................... 279
E. NATIONAL SECURITY........................................................................................................ 287
Theme E Summary
Panel: R. Asher, D.M. Etter, T. Fainberg, M. Goldblatt, C. Lau, J. Murday, W. Tolles,
G. Yonas................................................................................................................... 287
Statements
Cognitive Readiness: An Impotant Research Focus for National Security
(D.M. Etter).............................................................................................................. 289
DARPA’s Programs in Enhancing Human Performance (M. Goldblatt) ....................... 297
NBIC for Homeland Defense: Chemical/Biological/Radiological/Explosive (CBRE)
Detection/Protection (J. Murday)............................................................................. 301
Future Roles for Science and Technology in Counterterrorism (T. Fainberg) ............... 303
Nanotechnology and the Department of Defense (C. Lau)............................................. 308
Advanced Military Education and Training (J. Murday)................................................ 309
Visionary Projects
High-performance Warfighter (J. Murday)..................................................................... 311
Non-Drug Treatments for Enhancement of Human Performance (R. Asher)................. 313
Brain-Machine Interface (R. Asher) ............................................................................... 315
Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno as Enabling Technology for Uninhabited Combat Vehicles
(C. Lau) .................................................................................................................... 317
Data Linkage and Threat Anticipation Tool (T. Fainberg) ............................................. 318
F. UNIFYING SCIENCE AND EDUCATION ......................................................................... 321
Theme F Summary
Panel: D.L. Akins, Y. Bar-Yam, J.G. Batterson, A.H. Cohen, M.E. Gorman,
M. Heller, J. Klein-Seetharaman, A.T. Pope, M.C. Roco, R. Reddy, W. Tolles,
R.S. Williams, D. Zolandz ....................................................................................... 321
Statements
Combining the Social and the Nanotech: A Model for Converging Technologies
(M.E. Gorman) ......................................................................................................... 325
Breadth, Depth and Academic Nano-Niches (W. Tolles)............................................... 330
Unifying Principles in Complex Systems (Y. Bar-Yam)................................................ 335
Mind Over Matter in an Era of Convergent Technologies (D.L. Akins)........................ 361
Converging Technology and Education for Improving Human Performance
(A.H. Cohen) ............................................................................................................ 363
Visionary Projects
Converging Technologies: A K-12 Education Vision (J.G. Batterson, A.T. Pope)........ 367
Expanding the Trading Zones for Convergent Technologies (M. Gorman) ................... 374
Biological Language Modeling: Convergence of computational linguistics and
biological chemistry (J. Klein-Seetharaman, R. Reddy) .......................................... 378
APPENDICES
A. List of Participants and Contributors ................................................................................. 387
B. Index of Authors.................................................................................................................... 392
C. Index of Topics ...................................................................................................................... 404


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