Contents
Preface xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Evolution Process 1
1.2 Why Wireless IP Networks? 2
1.3 Traffic Issues 4
1.4 Design Issues 5
2 Third Generation Wireless Mobile Communications
and Beyond 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Evolution of Wireless Communication 11
2.3 Second Generation Mobile Networks 12
2.3.1 GSM—State of the Art 15
2.4 Evolution from 2G to 3G 16
2.4.1 HSCSD 17
2.4.2 GPRS—Tracing the Way to Mobile Internet 17
2.4.3 EDGE 19
2.5 Third Generation Mobile Networks 20
2.5.1 Standardization 20
2.5.2 UMTS 22
2.5.3 WCDMA 28
2.5.4 TD-CDMA 31
2.5.5 cdma2000 32
2.6 Third Generation Mobile Applications and Services 35
2.6.1 New Killer Applications 38
2.6.2 Real-Time Services 41
2.6.3 Nonreal-Time Services 43
2.7 Future Wireless Communication Networks Beyond 3G 44
2.7.1 All-IP Mobile Network 47
2.8 Discussion 49
References 49
3 Wireless Mobile Internet 53
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 IP 54
3.2.1 IPv4 54
3.2.2 IP Version 6 56
3.3 Transport Control of IP Packets 57
3.3.1 TCP Mechanisms 58
3.3.2 TCP Implementations 61
3.3.3 Stream Control Transmission Protocol 62
3.4 QoS Provisioning in the Internet 63
3.4.1 MPLS 64
3.4.2 Integrated Services 66
3.4.3 Differentiated Services 69
3.5 Introduction of Mobility to the Internet 73
3.5.1 Mobile IP Protocol 74
3.5.2 Micromobility 76
3.6 QoS Specifics of Wireless Networks 83
3.6.1 Cellular Topology 83
3.6.2 Mobility 83
3.6.3 BER in the Wireless Link 85
3.7 Discussion 86
References 87
4 Teletraffic Theory 91
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Some Impotant Random Processes 92
4.3 Discrete Markov Chains 96
4.4 The Birth-Death Process 100
4.4.1 Stationary System 104
4.4.2 Birth-Death Queuing Systems in Equilibrium 106
4.5 Teletraffic Theory for Loss Systems with
Full Accessibility 106
4.6 Teletraffic Theory for Loss Systems with
Multiple Traffic Types 111
4.6.1 Loss Systems with Integrated Traffic 112
4.6.2 Phase-Type Distributions 114
4.6.3 Multidimensional Erlang Formula 117
4.6.4 Priority Queuing 120
4.6.5 Error Control Impact on Traffic 123
4.7 Teletraffic Modeling of Wireless Networks 126
4.8 Principles of Dimensioning 129
4.9 Discussion 132
References 133
5 Characterization and Classification of IP Traffic 135
5.1 Introduction 135
5.2 Characterization of IP Traffic 136
5.2.1 Aggregate Internet Traffic 136
5.2.2 Internet Traffic Components 137
5.3 QoS Classification of IP Traffic 139
5.4 Statistical Characteristics 143
5.4.1 Nature of IP Traffic 144
5.4.2 Self-Similar Processes 149
5.4.3 Statistical Analysis of Nonreal-Time Traffic 152
5.4.4 Statistical Analysis of Real-Time Services 155
5.4.5 Genesis of IP-Traffic Self-Similarity 158
5.5 Discussion 164
References 164
6 Architecture for Mobile IP Networks with
Multiple Traffic Classes 167
6.1 Introduction 167
6.2 Architecture of Wireless IP Networks with
Integrated Services 168
6.2.1 Network Architecture 169
6.2.2 Integrated Simulation Architecture 170
6.3 Conceptual Model of Network Nodes 171
6.3.1 Scheduling Schemes 173
6.4 Simulation Architecture for Performance Analysis 176
6.5 Wireless Link Model 177
6.6 Traffic Modeling 179
6.6.1 Call-Level Traffic Modeling 179
6.6.2 Packet-Level Traffic Modeling 180
6.7 Mobility Modeling 186
6.7.1 Macromobility Model 187
6.7.2 Micromobility Model 190
6.8 Performance Parameters 190
6.8.1 QoS Parameters on Call-Level 190
6.8.2 QoS Parameters on Packet-Level 192
6.8.3 Capacity 193
6.9 Discussion 195
References 196
7 Analytical Analysis of Multimedia Mobile Networks 199
7.1 Introduction 199
7.2 Analysis of Mobile Networks with Single Traffic Class 200
7.2.1 Analytical Modeling 200
7.3 Analysis of Multimedia Mobile Networks with
Deterministic Resource Reservation 204
7.4 Analysis of Multimedia Mobile Networks with
Statistical Local Admission Control 208
7.4.1 Efficiency of the Mobile Network 211
7.4.2 Optimization of Mobile Networks 215
7.5 Traffic Loss Analysis in Multiclass Mobile Networks 217
7.5.1 Application of Multidimensional Erlang-B Formula
in Mobile Networks 217
7.5.2 Multirate Traffic Analysis 220
7.6 Traffic Analysis of CDMA Networks 226
7.6.1 Capacity Analysis of CDMA Network 227
7.6.2 Calculation of the Soft Capacity 233
7.6.3 Numerical Analysis 234
7.7 Discussion 236
References 237
8 Admission Control with QoS Support in
Wireless IP Networks 239
8.1 Introduction 239
8.2 System Model 240
8.3 Hybrid Admission Control 242
8.3.1 Hybrid Admission Control Algorithm 242
8.4 Analytical Frame of HAC 244
8.5 Optimal Thresholds in HAC Algorithm 253
8.6 Analysis of the Admission Control in
Wireless Networks 255
8.7 Admission Control in Wireless CDMA Networks 260
8.7.1 SIR-Based Admission Control 261
8.7.2 Load-Based Admission Control 262
8.7.3 Power-Based Admission Control 263
8.7.4 Power Control 265
8.7.5 Performance Measures for CDMA Systems 265
8.7.6 Congestion Control 266
8.7.7 Hybrid Admission Control Algorithm for
Multiclass CDMA Networks 266
8.8 Discussion 267
References 268
9 Performance Analysis of Cellular IP Networks 271
9.1 Introduction 271
9.2 Service Differentiation in Cellular Packet Networks 272
9.3 Handover in Cellular Networks 274
9.3.1 Handover in Cellular Packet Networks 274
9.3.2 Handover Mechanisms 275
9.3.3 Analysis of Packet Losses at Handover 277
9.4 Network Model 279
9.5 Simulation Analysis in Wireless IP Networks 280
9.5.1 Handover Loss Analysis for CBR Flows 280
9.5.2 Handover Loss Analysis for VBR Flows 284
9.5.3 Handover Loss Analysis for Best-Effort Flows 290
9.5.4 Performance Analysis of Different Traffic Types
Under Location-Dependent Bit Errors 293
9.6 Discussion 295
References 296
10 Handover Agents for QoS Support 299
10.1 Introduction 299
10.2 Handover Agent Algorithm for Wireless IP Networks 300
10.2.1 Who May Initiate a Handover? 300
10.2.2 Handover Types on a Link Layer 301
10.2.3 Handover Agents 302
10.3 Routing in the Wireless Access Network 305
10.4 Location Control and Paging 310
10.5 Discovery of the Crossover Node 312
10.5.1 Crossover Node Discovery for B Flows 312
10.5.2 Crossover Node Discovery for A Flows 313
10.6 Performance Analysis of the Handover Agent Scheme 314
10.7 Discussion 319
References 320
11 QoS Provisioning in Wireless IP Networks
Through Class-Based Queuing 323
11.1 Introduction 323
11.2 Wireless Network and Channel Model 325
11.3 Design of Wireless Scheduling Algorithms 326
11.3.1 Wireline and Wireless Fluid Fair Queuing 326
11.3.2 WFQ Algorithms 328
11.3.3 Service Differentiation Applied to Existing Systems 331
11.4 Wireless Class-Based Flexible Queuing 334
11.4.1 Class Differentiation 334
11.4.2 Scheduling in an Error State 338
11.4.3 Characteristics of WCBFQ 342
11.5 Simulation Analysis 343
11.6 Discussion 347
References 348
12 Conclusions 351
About the Author 355
Index 357
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