Wireless Technicians Handbook

Contents
Foreword xi
Acknowledgments xiii
CHAPTER 1
Reviewing the Basics 1
1.1 A Review for the Technician, an Introduction for the Newcomer 1
1.2 Domains: Time and Frequency 1
1.3 Power 3
1.4 Understanding Propagation 6
1.5 The Transmit and Receive Path 9
1.6 Digital Basics 11
1.7 Modulation 15
1.8 Vocoding 16
1.9 Shift Keying 18
1.10 GSM and GMSK 20
1.11 π/4 DQPSK and IS-136 20
1.12 QPSK/O-QPSK and CDMA 20
1.13 8PSK 21
1.14 Spread Spectrum 21
1.15 Conclusion 22
CHAPTER 2
Cellular Radio Concepts 23
2.1 The Cellular Concept 23
2.2 The History of Cellular 23
2.3 The “Cell” in Cellular 28
2.4 The Typical Modern Network 31
2.5 The Concept of Multiple Access 32
2.6 The Key to Truly Mobile Communications—The Handoff 34
2.7 Sectorization 36
2.8 Antennas 37
2.9 Improving Performance 39
2.10 Squeezing Out As Much As We Can—Repeaters and Front Ends 40
2.11 Systems in Use Around the Globe 42
2.12 Conclusion 45
CHAPTER 3
Advanced Mobile Phone Service 47
3.1 The Basics of AMPS 47
3.2 The Analog Network 47
3.3 Signaling on the Analog System 48
3.4 Preparing Analog Signals 51
3.5 Identifying the Mobiles and Base Stations 53
3.6 Frequency Channels 55
3.7 Control and Voice Channels 55
3.8 The FOCC 56
3.9 The RECC 60
3.10 The Voice Channels 61
3.11 Call-Processing States 63
3.12 Transmit Power 64
3.13 The Handoff 65
3.14 The Problems with AMPS 67
3.15 Conclusion 69
CHAPTER 4
NA-TDMA 71
4.1 Introduction to NA-TDMA 71
4.2 Nomenclature of NA-TDMA—Identifiers and Architecture 72
4.3 Channels in NA-TDMA 74
4.4 π/4 DQPSK—The Modulation of NA-TDMA 75
4.5 The FOCC, RECC, FVC, and RVC in IS-136 77
4.6 The Digital Traffic Channel 79
4.7 Messages on the DTCH 82
4.8 The DCCH 83
4.9 Sleep Mode 85
4.10 Messages on the DCCH 86
4.11 MAHO 87
4.12 Authentication 88
4.13 Conclusion 92
CHAPTER 5
GSM 93
5.1 Introduction 93
5.2 GSM System Architecture 94
5.3 Identifiers in GSM 95
5.4 Modulation in GSM 96
5.5 Power Levels 97
5.6 GSM Channels 98
5.7 Control Channels 100
5.8 Vocoders and Traffic Channels 102
5.9 Messaging 104
5.10 Burst Types 105
5.11 Frequency Hopping 106
5.12 Handovers 107
5.13 Multipath Equalization 107
5.14 Stage 2 and Beyond 107
5.15 Conclusion 108
CHAPTER 6
GPRS and EDGE 109
6.1 Introduction 109
6.2 GPRS Basics 111
6.3 Packet Data Protocol Basics 111
6.4 GPRS Phones and Devices 112
6.5 Understanding the Layers 113
6.6 GPRS Physical Channels 114
6.7 GPRS Coding 117
6.8 Bursts 119
6.9 Channel Allocation 120
6.10 Logical Channels 122
6.11 Overview of GPRS Processes 124
6.12 The EDGE Format 125
6.13 8PSK Modulation and EDGE Coding 126
6.14 EDGE and the Future 127
CHAPTER 7
CDMA IS-95 and J-Std-008 129
7.1 Introduction 129
7.2 The Modulation We Use in CDMA 129
7.3 Multiple Access in CDMA 129
7.4 Capacity: The Reason for the Hype 130
7.5 Understanding the “Code” in CDMA 131
7.6 The CDMA Vocoders 133
7.7 The Forward Link—Code Channels 134
7.8 Synchronization on the Forward Link 139
7.9 The Reverse Link Channels 140
7.10 Power Control 143
7.11 Call Processing—The Four States 144
7.12 Registrations in CDMA 145
7.13 Handoffs in CDMA 146
7.14 The Pilot Searching Process 147
7.15 Conclusion 149
CHAPTER 8
CDMA2000 151
8.1 Introduction 151
8.2 CDMA Evolution 151
8.3 Overview of 1X-RTT and 3X-RTT 152
8.4 Radio Configurations 155
8.5 Spreading and Channel Coding Changes 156
8.6 Air Interface Differences 158
8.7 Power Control Changes 160
8.8 Physical Channel Overview 161
8.9 Forward Physical Channels 163
8.10 Reverse Physical Channels 167
8.11 Logical Channels and Layering Overview 169
8.12 Handoff Changes 170
8.13 Forward Transmit Diversity 170
8.14 TDD Mode 171
8.15 Conclusion 171
CHAPTER 9
WCDMA 173
9.1 Introduction 173
9.2 History of WCDMA 173
9.3 Features and Benefits of WCDMA 175
9.4 TDD and FDD Modes 175
9.5 Introduction to Nomenclature 179
9.6 Slot and Frame Structure 180
9.7 Logical and Transport Channels 181
9.8 Physical Channels 184
9.9 Spreading 185
9.10 Synchronization 188
9.11 Power Control 189
9.12 Handovers in WCDMA 190
9.13 Modulation 192
9.14 Multiple Channel Codes 193
9.15 Conclusion 193
CHAPTER 10
The Basics of Field Test 195
10.1 Introduction 195
10.2 Types of Cellular and PCS Technicians 195
10.3 Introduction to the Radio Transceiver 197
10.4 Measuring Power 200
10.5 Time and Frequency Error Measurements 203
10.6 Spectrum Analysis 204
10.7 Scalar Network Analysis 208
10.8 Testing the Audio and Mechanical Components 209
10.9 Testing Modulation 210
10.10 Introducing the Communications Test Set 210
10.11 Drive Test Tools 211
10.12 The Battery 212
10.13 Conclusion 213
CHAPTER 11
Testing AMPS 215
11.1 Introduction to the AMPS Transceiver 215
11.2 The AMPS Receiver 215
11.3 Filters and Testing AMPS 217
11.4 Testing the AMPS Receiver 217
11.5 The AMPS Transmitter 221
11.6 Testing the AMPS Transmitter 221
11.7 Conclusion 224
CHAPTER 12
Testing TDMA Systems—GSM, NA-TDMA, GPRS, and EDGE 225
12.1 Introduction 225
12.2 Introduction to the TDMA Transceiver 225
12.3 Introduction to the TDMA Tests 228
12.4 Functional Tests 228
12.5 Transmitter Tests 230
12.6 Receiver Tests 234
12.7 Audio Tests 239
12.8 Testing Data—GPRS and EDGE 239
12.9 Conclusion 240
CHAPTER 13
Testing CDMA 241
13.1 Introduction 241
13.2 Introduction to the CDMA Transceiver 242
13.3 Introduction to CDMA Tests 242
13.4 Testing Power 244
13.5 Code-Domain Tests (BTS Only) 249
13.6 Timing, Frequency, and Modulation Testing 253
13.7 Call-Processing Tests 255
13.8 Out-of-Band Tests 255
13.9 Receiver Tests 256
13.10 1X and Beyond 257
13.11 Conclusion 258
CHAPTER 14
WCDMA and Beyond: Testing Overview 259
14.1 Overview 259
14.2 Transmission Tests 259
14.3 Receiver Tests 260
14.4 Conclusion 260
Appendix A 263
Appendix B 265
Glossary 267
Selected Bibliography 277
About the Author 279
Index 281

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