Digital Logic And Microprocessor Design With Vhdl

Enoch O. Hwang
La Sierra University, Riverside

Contents ....................................................................................................................................................................
Preface ...................................................................................................................................................................
Chapter 1 Designing Microprocessors......................................................................................
1.1 Overview of a Microprocessor .......................................................................................................................
1.2 Design Abstraction Levels..............................................................................................................................
1.3 Examples of a 2-to-1 Multiplexer ...................................................................................................................
1.3.1 Behavioral Level....................................................................................................................................
1.3.2 Gate Level..............................................................................................................................................
1.3.3 Transistor Level .....................................................................................................................................
1.4 Introduction to VHDL ....................................................................................................................................
1.5 Synthesis.......................................................................................................................................................
1.6 Going Forward..............................................................................................................................................
1.7 Summary Checklist.......................................................................................................................................
1.8 Problems .......................................................................................................................................................

Chapter 2 Digital Circuits.......................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Binary Numbers.............................................................................................................................................. 3
2.2 Binary Switch .................................................................................................................................................
2.3 Basic Logic Operators and Logic Expressions ...............................................................................................
2.4 Truth Tables....................................................................................................................................................
2.5 Boolean Algebra and Boolean Function .........................................................................................................
2.5.1 Boolean Algebra ....................................................................................................................................
2.5.2 * Duality Principle...............................................................................................................................
2.5.3 Boolean Function and the Inverse........................................................................................................
2.6 Minterms and Maxterms...............................................................................................................................
2.6.1 Minterms..............................................................................................................................................
2.6.2 * Maxterms ..........................................................................................................................................
2.7 Canonical, Standard, and non-Standard Forms.............................................................................................
2.8 Logic Gates and Circuit Diagrams................................................................................................................
2.9 Example: Designing a Car Security System .................................................................................................
2.10 VHDL for Digital Circuits............................................................................................................................
2.10.1 VHDL code for a 2-input NAND gate.................................................................................................
2.10.2 VHDL code for a 3-input NOR gate....................................................................................................
2.10.3 VHDL code for a function ...................................................................................................................
2.11 Summary Checklist.......................................................................................................................................
2.12 Problems .......................................................................................................................................................

Chapter 3 Combinational Circuits............................................................................................
3.1 Analysis of Combinational Circuits................................................................................................................
3.1.1 Using a Truth Table ...............................................................................................................................
3.1.2 Using a Boolean Function......................................................................................................................
3.2 Synthesis of Combinational Circuits ..............................................................................................................
3.3 * Technology Mapping...................................................................................................................................
3.4 Minimization of Combinational Circuits ......................................................................................................
3.4.1 Karnaugh Maps....................................................................................................................................
3.4.2 Don’t-cares ..........................................................................................................................................
3.4.3 * Tabulation Method............................................................................................................................
3.5 * Timing Hazards and Glitches ....................................................................................................................
3.5.1 Using Glitches .....................................................................................................................................
3.6 BCD to 7-Segment Decoder .........................................................................................................................
3.7 VHDL for Combinational Circuits ...............................................................................................................
3.7.1 Structural BCD to 7-Segment Decoder................................................................................................
3.7.2 Dataflow BCD to 7-Segment Decoder ................................................................................................
3.7.3 Behavioral BCD to 7-Segment Decoder..............................................................................................
3.8 Summary Checklist.......................................................................................................................................
3.9 Problems .......................................................................................................................................................

Chapter 4 Standard Combinational Components...................................................................
4.1 Signal Naming Conventions ...........................................................................................................................
4.2 Adder ..............................................................................................................................................................
4.2.1 Full Adder..............................................................................................................................................
4.2.2 Ripple-carry Adder ................................................................................................................................
4.2.3 * Carry-lookahead Adder.......................................................................................................................
4.3 Two’s Complement Binary Numbers .............................................................................................................
4.4 Subtractor........................................................................................................................................................
4.5 Adder-Subtractor Combination.....................................................................................................................
4.6 Arithmetic Logic Unit...................................................................................................................................
4.7 Decoder.........................................................................................................................................................
4.8 Encoder.........................................................................................................................................................
4.8.1 * Priority Encoder................................................................................................................................
4.9 Multiplexer ...................................................................................................................................................
4.9.1 * Using Multiplexers to Implement a Function ...................................................................................
4.10 Tri-state Buffer .............................................................................................................................................
4.11 Comparator ...................................................................................................................................................
4.12 Shifter ...........................................................................................................................................................
4.12.1 * Barrel Shifter ....................................................................................................................................
4.13 * Multiplier ...................................................................................................................................................
4.14 Summary Checklist.......................................................................................................................................
4.15 Problems .......................................................................................................................................................

Chapter 5 * Implementation Technologies .............................................................................
5.1 Physical Abstraction .......................................................................................................................................
5.2 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET)..................................................................
5.3 CMOS Logic...................................................................................................................................................
5.4 CMOS Circuits ...............................................................................................................................................
5.4.1 CMOS Inverter ......................................................................................................................................
5.4.2 CMOS NAND gate................................................................................................................................
5.4.3 CMOS AND gate...................................................................................................................................
5.4.4 CMOS NOR and OR Gates ................................................................................................................ 1
5.4.5 Transmission Gate ...............................................................................................................................
5.4.6 2-input Multiplexer CMOS Circuit..................................................................................................... 1
5.4.7 CMOS XOR and XNOR Gates............................................................................................................ 1
5.5 Analysis of CMOS Circuits ......................................................................................................................... . 1
5.6 Using ROMs to Implement a Function........................................................................................................ . 15
5.7 Using PLAs to Implement a Function .......................................................................................................... 1
5.8 Using PALs to Implement a Function .......................................................................................................... 1
5.9 Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) ...........................................................................................
5.10 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) .....................................................................................................
5.11 Summary Checklist.......................................................................................................................................
5.12 Problems .......................................................................................................................................................
Chapter 6 Latches and Flip-Flops ............................................................................................
6.1 Bistable Element.............................................................................................................................................
6.2 SR Latch .........................................................................................................................................................
6.3 SR Latch with Enable .....................................................................................................................................
6.4 D Latch ...........................................................................................................................................................
6.5 D Latch with Enable .......................................................................................................................................
6.6 Clock...............................................................................................................................................................
6.7 D Flip-Flop .................................................................................................................................................. . 1
6.7.1 * Alternative Smaller Circuit............................................................................................................... 1
6.8 D Flip-Flop with Enable ............................................................................................................................... 1
6.9 Asynchronous Inputs .................................................................................................................................... 1
6.10 Description of a Flip-Flop ............................................................................................................................
6.10.1 Characteristic Table ............................................................................................................................. 1
6.10.2 Characteristic Equation........................................................................................................................ 1
6.10.3 State Diagram ...................................................................................................................................... 1
6.10.4 Excitation Table................................................................................................................................... 1
6.11 Timing Issues................................................................................................................................................ 1
6.12 Example: Car Security System – Version 2..................................................................................................
6.13 VHDL for Latches and Flip-Flops................................................................................................................ 1
6.13.1 Implied Memory Element.................................................................................................................... 1
6.13.2 VHDL Code for a D Latch with Enable ..............................................................................................
6.13.3 VHDL Code for a D Flip-Flop ........................................................................................................... . 19
6.13.4 VHDL Code for a D Flip-Flop with Enable and Asynchronous Set and Clear ...................................
6.14 * Flip-Flop Types .........................................................................................................................................
6.14.1 SR Flip-Flop ........................................................................................................................................
6.14.2 JK Flip-Flop.........................................................................................................................................
6.14.3 T Flip-Flop...........................................................................................................................................
6.15 Summary Checklist.......................................................................................................................................
6.16 Problems .......................................................................................................................................................

Chapter 7 Sequential Circuits ................................................................................................... 2
7.1 Finite-State-Machine (FSM) Models..............................................................................................................
7.2 State Diagrams................................................................................................................................................
7.3 Analysis of Sequential Circuits.......................................................................................................................
7.3.1 Excitation Equation ...............................................................................................................................
7.3.2 Next-state Equation ...............................................................................................................................
7.3.3 Next-state Table.....................................................................................................................................
7.3.4 Output Equation...................................................................................................................................
7.3.5 Output Table ........................................................................................................................................
7.3.6 State Diagram ..................................................................................................................................... . 0
7.3.7 Example: Analysis of a Moore FSM ...................................................................................................
7.3.8 Example: Analysis of a Mealy FSM....................................................................................................
7.4 Synthesis of Sequential Circuits ...................................................................................................................
7.4.1 State Diagram ......................................................................................................................................
7.4.2 Next-state Table...................................................................................................................................
7.4.3 Implementation Table..........................................................................................................................
7.4.4 Excitation Equation and Next-state Circuit .........................................................................................
7.4.5 Output Table and Equation ................................................................................................................. . 1
7.4.6 FSM Circuit .........................................................................................................................................
7.4.7 Examples: Synthesis of Moore FSMs..................................................................................................
7.4.8 Example: Synthesis of a Mealy FSM...................................................................................................
7.5 Unused State Encodings and the Encoding of States....................................................................................
7.6 Example: Car Security System – Version 3..................................................................................................
7.7 VHDL for Sequential Circuits ......................................................................................................................
7.8 * Optimization for Sequential Circuits .........................................................................................................
7.8.1 State Reduction................................................................................................................................... . 3
7.8.2 State Encoding .....................................................................................................................................
7.8.3 Choice of Flip-Flops ............................................................................................................................
7.9 Summary Checklist.......................................................................................................................................
7.10 Problems .......................................................................................................................................................

Chapter 8 Standard Sequential Components .......................................................................... 2
8.1 Registers .........................................................................................................................................................
8.2 Shift Registers.................................................................................................................................................
8.2.1 Serial-to-Parallel Shift Register .............................................................................................................
8.2.2 Serial-to-Parallel and Parallel-to-Serial Shift Register ..........................................................................
8.3 Counters..........................................................................................................................................................
8.3.1 Binary Up Counter.................................................................................................................................
8.3.2 Binary Up-Down Counter....................................................................................................................
8.3.3 Binary Up-Down Counter with Parallel Load .....................................................................................
8.3.4 BCD Up Counter .................................................................................................................................
8.3.5 BCD Up-Down Counter ......................................................................................................................
8.4 Register Files ................................................................................................................................................
8.5 Static Random Access Memory.................................................................................................................... 2
8.6 * Larger Memories .......................................................................................................................................
8.6.1 More Memory Locations ..................................................................................................................... 2
8.6.2 Wider Bit Width .................................................................................................................................. 2
8.7 Summary Checklist....................................................................................................................................... 2
8.8 Problems ....................................................................................................................................................... 2

Chapter 9 Datapaths .................................................................................................................. 2
9.1 Designing Dedicated Datapaths......................................................................................................................
9.1.1 Selecting Registers.................................................................................................................................
9.1.2 Selecting Functional Units.....................................................................................................................
9.1.3 Data Transfer Methods ..........................................................................................................................
9.1.4 Generating Status Signals ....................................................................................................................
9.2 Using Dedicated Datapaths...........................................................................................................................
9.3 Examples of Dedicated Datapaths ................................................................................................................
9.3.1 Simple IF-THEN-ELSE.......................................................................................................................
9.3.2 Counting 1 to 10 ..................................................................................................................................
9.3.3 Summation of n down to 1...................................................................................................................
9.3.4 Factorial ...............................................................................................................................................
9.3.5 Count Zero-One ...................................................................................................................................
9.4 General Datapaths.........................................................................................................................................
9.5 Using General Datapaths ..............................................................................................................................
9.6 A More Complex General Datapath .............................................................................................................
9.7 Timing Issues................................................................................................................................................
9.8 VHDL for Datapaths.....................................................................................................................................
9.8.1 Dedicated Datapath..............................................................................................................................
9.8.2 General Datapath .................................................................................................................................
9.9 Summary Checklist.......................................................................................................................................
9.10 Problems .......................................................................................................................................................

Chapter 10 Control Units ............................................................................................................
10.1 Constructing the Control Unit.........................................................................................................................
10.2 Examples ........................................................................................................................................................
10.2.1 Count 1 to 10 .........................................................................................................................................
10.2.2 Summation of 1 to n ..............................................................................................................................
10.3 Generating Status Signals .............................................................................................................................
10.4 Timing Issues................................................................................................................................................
10.5 Standalone Controllers..................................................................................................................................
10.5.1 Rotating Lights ....................................................................................................................................
10.5.2 PS/2 Keyboard Controller....................................................................................................................
10.5.3 VGA Monitor Controller ..................................................................................................................... 6
10.6 * ASM Charts and State Action Tables ....................................................................................................... . 3 7
10.6.1 ASM Charts ........................................................................................................................................ 3 7
10.6.2 State Action Tables.............................................................................................................................. 0
10.7 VHDL for Control Units............................................................................................................................... 1
10.8 Summary Checklist....................................................................................................................................... 2
10.9 Problems ....................................................................................................................................................... 4

Chapter 11 Dedicated Microprocessors .....................................................................................
11.1 Manual Construction of a Dedicated Microprocessor ....................................................................................
11.2 Examples ........................................................................................................................................................
11.2.1 Greatest Common Divisor .....................................................................................................................
11.2.2 Summing Input Numbers.....................................................................................................................
11.2.3 High-Low Guessing Game ..................................................................................................................
11.2.4 Finding Largest Number......................................................................................................................
11.3 VHDL for Dedicated Microprocessors.........................................................................................................
11.3.1 FSM + D Model...................................................................................................................................
11.3.2 FSMD Model.......................................................................................................................................
11.3.3 Behavioral Model ................................................................................................................................
11.4 Summary Checklist.......................................................................................................................................
11.5 Problems .......................................................................................................................................................

Chapter 12 General-Purpose Microprocessors .........................................................................
12.1 Overview of the CPU Design .........................................................................................................................
12.2 The EC-1 General-Purpose Microprocessor...................................................................................................
12.2.1 Instruction Set........................................................................................................................................
12.2.2 Datapath................................................................................................................................................. 5
12.2.3 Control Unit...........................................................................................................................................
12.2.4 Complete Circuit....................................................................................................................................
12.2.5 Sample Program................................................................................................................................... 0
12.2.6 Simulation............................................................................................................................................
12.2.7 Hardware Implementation ................................................................................................................... 2
12.3 The EC-2 General-Purpose Microprocessor................................................................................................. 3
12.3.1 Instruction Set......................................................................................................................................
12.3.2 Datapath............................................................................................................................................... 4
12.3.3 Control Unit......................................................................................................................................... 5
12.3.4 Complete Circuit.................................................................................................................................. 8
12.3.5 Sample Program................................................................................................................................... 9
12.3.6 Hardware Implementation ................................................................................................................... 1
12.4 VHDL for General-Purpose Microprocessors .............................................................................................. 2
12.4.1 Structural FSM+D ............................................................................................................................... 2
12.4.2 Behavioral FSMD................................................................................................................................ 9
12.5 Summary Checklist....................................................................................................................................... 2
12.6 Problems ....................................................................................................................................................... 2

Appendix A Schematic Entry Tutorial 1 ....................................................................................
A.1 Getting Started ................................................................................................................................................
A.1.1 Preparing a Folder for the Project..........................................................................................................
A.1.2 Starting MAX+plus II............................................................................................................................
A.1.3 Starting the Graphic Editor ....................................................................................................................
A.2 Using the Graphic Editor ................................................................................................................................ 4
A.2.1 Drawing Tools ....................................................................................................................................... 4
A.2.2 Inserting Logic Symbols........................................................................................................................ 4
A.2.3 Selecting, Moving, Copying, and Deleting Logic Symbols...................................................................
A.2.4 Making and Naming Connections ......................................................................................................... 6
A.2.5 Selecting, Moving and Deleting Connection Lines ...............................................................................
A.3 Specifying the Top-Level File and Project .....................................................................................................
A.3.1 Saving the Schematic Drawing..............................................................................................................
A.3.2 Specifying the Project............................................................................................................................
A.4 Synthesis for Functional Simulation...............................................................................................................
A.5 Circuit Simulation...........................................................................................................................................
A.5.1 Selecting Input Test Signals ..................................................................................................................
A.5.2 Customizing the Waveform Editor ......................................................................................................
A.5.3 Assigning Values to the Input Signals .................................................................................................
A.5.4 Saving the Waveform File ...................................................................................................................
A.5.5 Starting the Simulator ..........................................................................................................................
A.6 Creating and Using the Logic Symbol..........................................................................................................

Appendix B VHDL Entry Tutorial 2...........................................................................................
B.1 Getting Started ................................................................................................................................................
B.1.1 Preparing a Folder for the Project..........................................................................................................
B.1.2 Starting MAX+plus II............................................................................................................................
B.1.3 Creating a Project ..................................................................................................................................
B.1.4 Editing the VHDL Source Code ............................................................................................................
B.2 Synthesis for Functional Simulation...............................................................................................................
B.3 Circuit Simulation...........................................................................................................................................
B.3.1 Selecting Input Test Signals ..................................................................................................................
B.3.2 Customizing the Waveform Editor ........................................................................................................
B.3.3 Assigning Values to the Input Signals ...................................................................................................
B.3.4 Saving the Waveform File .....................................................................................................................
B.3.5 Starting the Simulator ............................................................................................................................

Appendix C UP2 Programming Tutorial 3.................................................................................
C.1 Getting Started ................................................................................................................................................
C.1.1 Preparing a Folder for the Project..........................................................................................................
C.1.2 Creating a Project ..................................................................................................................................
C.1.3 Viewing the Source File ........................................................................................................................
C.2 Synthesis for Programming the PLD ..............................................................................................................
C.3 Circuit Simulation...........................................................................................................................................
C.4 Using the Floorplan Editor .............................................................................................................................
C.4.1 Selecting the Target Device...................................................................................................................
C.4.2 Maping the I/O Pins with the Floorplan Editor......................................................................................
C.5 Fitting the Netlist and Pins to the PLD ...........................................................................................................
C.6 Hardware Setup ............................................................................................................................................
C.6.1 Installing the ByteBlaster Driver .........................................................................................................
C.6.2 Jumper Settings....................................................................................................................................
C.6.3 Hardware Connections........................................................................................................................
C.7 Programming the PLD..................................................................................................................................
C.8 Testing the Hardware....................................................................................................................................
C.9 MAX7000S EPM7128SLC84-7 Summary...................................................................................................
C.9.1 JTAG Jumper Settings .........................................................................................................................
C.9.2 Prototyping Resources for Use ............................................................................................................
C.9.3 General Pin Assignments.....................................................................................................................
C.9.4 Two Pushbutton Switches....................................................................................................................
C.9.5 16 DIP Switches ..................................................................................................................................
C.9.6 16 LEDs...............................................................................................................................................
C.9.7 7-Segment LEDs..................................................................................................................................
C.9.8 Clock....................................................................................................................................................
C.10 FLEX10K EPF10K70RC240-4 Summary....................................................................................................
C.10.1 JTAG Jumper Settings .........................................................................................................................
C.10.2 Prototyping Resources for Use ............................................................................................................
C.10.3 Two Pushbutton Switches....................................................................................................................
C.10.4 8 DIP Switches ....................................................................................................................................
C.10.5 7-Segment LEDs..................................................................................................................................
C.10.6 Clock....................................................................................................................................................
C.10.7 PS/2 Port..............................................................................................................................................
C.10.8 VGA Port.............................................................................................................................................

Appendix D VHDL Summary......................................................................................................
D.1 Basic Language Elements...............................................................................................................................
D.1.1 Comments..............................................................................................................................................
D.1.2 Identifiers...............................................................................................................................................
D.1.3 Data Objects ..........................................................................................................................................
D.1.4 Data Types.............................................................................................................................................
D.1.5 Data Operators.......................................................................................................................................
D.1.6 ENTITY.................................................................................................................................................
D.1.7 ARCHITECTURE.................................................................................................................................
D.1.8 GENERIC..............................................................................................................................................
D.1.9 PACKAGE ............................................................................................................................................
D.2 Dataflow Model Concurrent Statements.......................................................................................................
D.2.1 Concurrent Signal Assignment ............................................................................................................ 0
D.2.2 Conditional Signal Assignment ...........................................................................................................
D.2.3 Selected Signal Assignment.................................................................................................................
D.2.4 Dataflow Model Example.................................................................................................................... 2
D.3 Behavioral Model Sequential Statements .....................................................................................................
D.3.1 PROCESS............................................................................................................................................
D.3.2 Sequential Signal Assignment .............................................................................................................
D.3.3 Variable Assignment ...........................................................................................................................
D.3.4 WAIT...................................................................................................................................................
D.3.5 IF THEN ELSE....................................................................................................................................
D.3.6 CASE ................................................................................................................................................... 4
D.3.7 NULL...................................................................................................................................................
D.3.8 FOR .....................................................................................................................................................
D.3.9 WHILE ................................................................................................................................................
D.3.10 LOOP...................................................................................................................................................
D.3.11 EXIT ....................................................................................................................................................
D.3.12 NEXT...................................................................................................................................................
D.3.13 FUNCTION .........................................................................................................................................
D.3.14 PROCEDURE......................................................................................................................................
D.3.15 Behavioral Model Example .................................................................................................................
D.4 Structural Model Statements.........................................................................................................................
D.4.1 COMPONENT Declaration.................................................................................................................
D.4.2 PORT MAP .........................................................................................................................................
D.4.3 OPEN...................................................................................................................................................
D.4.4 GENERATE ........................................................................................................................................
D.4.5 Structural Model Example ...................................................................................................................
D.5 Conversion Routines..................................................................................................................................... 1
D.5.1 CONV_INTEGER() ............................................................................................................................ 1
D.5.2 CONV_STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(,).....................................................................................................


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