Map-based Mobile Services

Table of contents
1 Map-based Mobile Services ...............................................................................1
Liqiu MENG and Tumasch REICHENBACHER ..........................................1
1.1 Background .........................................................................................1
1.2 Mobile maps and their predecessors ...................................................2
1.2.1 View-only maps .............................................................................2
1.2.2 Analytical maps..............................................................................3
1.2.3 Explorative maps............................................................................3
1.2.4 Web maps.......................................................................................4
1.2.5 Mobile maps...................................................................................5
1.3 Affordances of maps ...........................................................................5
1.4 Research challenges of designing map-based mobile services ...........6
1.5 About the book....................................................................................8
1.6 References...........................................................................................8
2 Portrayal and Generalisation of Point Maps for Mobile Information
Services.................................................................................................................11
Alistair EDWARDES, Dirk BURGHARDT, Robert WEIBEL....................11
2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................11
2.2 Context of research ...........................................................................12
2.3 Maps as a representational medium ..................................................13
2.4 Map types and multiple views...........................................................14
2.5 Symbolisation and spatial relations...................................................16
2.5.1 Space distortion from symbolisation in data conflation ...............17
2.5.2 Abstractions of spatial relations ...................................................19
2.6 Geographic space ..............................................................................21
2.7 Generalisation ...................................................................................22
2.7.1 Generalisation operators for point maps ......................................22
2.8 Conclusions.......................................................................................27
Acknowledgements...................................................................................28
References.................................................................................................28
3 Activity and Context - A Conceptual Framework for Mobile Geoservices.31
Doris DRANSCH..........................................................................................31
3.1 Mobile Geoservices...........................................................................31
3.2 Concepts of activity and context .......................................................32
3.2.1 Activity ........................................................................................33
3.2.2 Activity and Mobile Geoservices.................................................35
3.2.3 Context.........................................................................................39
3.2.4 Context and Mobile Geoservices .................................................40
3.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................41
References.................................................................................................41
4 Effectiveness and Efficiency of Tourism Maps in the World Wide Web and
their Potential for Mobile Map Services............................................................ 43
Frank DICKMANN ......................................................................................43
4.1 Introduction.......................................................................................43
4.2 Web maps and tourism......................................................................44
4.3 Empirical analysis.............................................................................45
4.4 First results........................................................................................47
4.4.1 Comprehension of overall topographic structures........................48
4.4.2 Assimilation of complex spatial information ...............................48
4.4.3 Assimilation of detailed geographic information.........................50
4.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................51
References.................................................................................................52
5 The Cognitive Reality of Schematic Maps ..................................................... 55
Alexander KLIPPEL, Kai-Florian RICHTER, Thomas BARKOWSKY,
Christian FREKSA............................................................................................55
5.1 Introduction.......................................................................................55
5.2 Schematisation and Generalisation ...................................................56
5.3 Maintaining Qualitative Information ................................................59
5.4 Aspects of Human Spatial Cognition................................................62
5.4.1 Wayfinding Choremes .................................................................62
5.4.2 Focus maps ..................................................................................64
5.4.3 Chorematic focus maps................................................................65
5.4.4 Multimodality ..............................................................................65
5.5 Applications......................................................................................67
5.6 Conclusions.......................................................................................68
References.................................................................................................69
6 Adaptive Visualisation of Landmarks using an MRDB................................ 73
Birgit ELIAS, Mark HAMPE, Monika SESTER..........................................73
6.1 Introduction.......................................................................................73
6.2 Mobile Navigation ............................................................................74
6.2.1 Context-dependent mobile navigation .........................................74
6.2.2 Focus on moving mode................................................................74
6.3 Route-dependent generation of landmarks........................................77
6.3.1 Existing databases for landmark detection...................................78
6.3.2 Extraction procedure of potential landmarks ...............................78
6.3.3 Generation of route-specific landmarks .......................................79
6.4 Scale-dependent visualisation of landmarks .....................................80
6.4.1 Generating multiple resolutions for the MRDB...........................80
6.4.2 Adaptive visualisation of landmark objects by re-generalisation.81
6.4.3 Emphasizing imprtant objects....................................................81
6.4.4 Using MRDB for emphasizing imprtant objects........................83
6.5 Summary and Outlook ......................................................................84
Acknowledgement ....................................................................................85
References.................................................................................................85
7 Ego Centres of Mobile Users and Egocentric Map Design ...........................87
Liqiu MENG .................................................................................................87
7.1 Introduction.......................................................................................87
7.1.1 Usability of the egocentric mobile map .......................................90
7.1.2 Necessity of designing egocentric mobile maps ..........................90
7.2 Detecting the ego centre of a mobile map user ...................................91
7.2.1 Behaviour tracking.......................................................................92
7.2.2 Mobility-conditioned user profile ................................................93
7.2.3 Acquisition of scenarios...............................................................93
7.2.4 Generation of repertory grids .......................................................95
7.2.5 Participatory map design..............................................................95
7.3 Designing egocentric map.................................................................96
7.4 Concluding remarks ........................................................................102
7.5 Acknowledgement ..........................................................................103
7.6 References.......................................................................................103
8 Adaptation to Context – A Way to Improve the Usability of Mobile Maps107
L. Tiina SARJAKOSKI, Annu-Maaria NIVALA......................................107
8.1 Introduction.....................................................................................107
8.2 Preliminary User Requirements Based on Field Testing ................109
8.2.1 Aim of the field study and test method ......................................109
8.2.2 Test users, material and equipment ............................................110
8.2.3 Pre-defined tasks ........................................................................111
8.2.4 Results........................................................................................112
8.3 Categorisation of Contexts in Mobile Map Applications................114
8.3.1 Definitions of context.................................................................114
8.3.2 Contexts relevant for mobile map usage situation .....................114
8.3.3 Summary of context categorisation............................................117
8.4. Implementation of the GUI and Adaptive Maps ............................118
8.4.1 Personalisation of the service.....................................................118
8.4.2 Adaptive seasonal maps .............................................................119
8.5 Further Development of Context-Aware Adaptive Maps ...............121
References...............................................................................................121
9 Focalizing Measures of Salience for Wayfinding.........................................125
Stephan WINTER, Martin RAUBAL, Clemens NOTHEGGER................125
9.1 Introduction.....................................................................................125
9.2 The Measure of Salience.................................................................126
9.3 Focalizing in Route Piloting............................................................128
9.3.1 Mode of travelling......................................................................129
9.3.2 Role of the traveller....................................................................129
9.3.3 Environment of the traveller ......................................................129
9.3.4 Spatial and cognitive abilities of the traveller ............................130
9.4 Focalizing by Weighting the Measures of Salience ........................130
9.4.1 Specifications by the provider....................................................131
9.4.2 Specifications by the user...........................................................131
9.4.3 Learning from behaviour ...........................................................132
9.5 Test of Weighted Salience ..............................................................132
9.6 Results.............................................................................................134
9.7 Conclusions and Outlook................................................................137
Acknowledgements.................................................................................138
References...............................................................................................138
10 Adaptive Egocentric Maps for Mobile Users ............................................. 141
Tumasch REICHENBACHER ...................................................................141
10.1 Introduction...................................................................................141
10.2 Geoservices for everyday activities ..............................................142
10.3 Context-adaptation in geoservices ................................................145
10.3.1 Context model for mobile geovisualisation services................145
10.3.2 Adapting geovisualisation to mobile usage context
parameters...........................................................................................147
10.3.3 The process of map adaptation.................................................149
10.4 Egocentric maps............................................................................152
10.5 Adapting to mobile user activities ................................................153
10.6 Conclusions...................................................................................156
References...............................................................................................157
11 Cartographic Location Based Services....................................................... 159
Georg GARTNER, Susanne UHLIRZ........................................................159
11.1 Introduction...................................................................................159
11.2 Elements of Cartographic LBS .....................................................159
11.2.1 Positioning ...............................................................................160
11.2.2 Modelling and Presentation of Information .............................160
11.2.3 Users and Adaptation...............................................................161
11.3 Research questions in the context of cartographic LBS................162
11.3.1 Integrative Positioning .............................................................162
11.3.2 Route Information Systems......................................................163
11.3.3 Information Presentation and Visualisation .............................163
11.4 Selected contributions to concepting cartographic LBS ...............164
11.4.1 Active Landmarks....................................................................164
11.4.2 Presenting routes by various presentation forms......................166
11.4.3 Cartographic support for wayfinding .......................................167
11.5 Summary.......................................................................................169
References...............................................................................................169
12 XML in Service Architectures for Mobile Cartographic Applications ... 173
Lassi LEHTO, Tapani SARJAKOSKI........................................................173
12.1 Introduction...................................................................................173
12.2 XML Basics ..................................................................................174
12.2.1 General.....................................................................................174
12.2.2 XML Schema...........................................................................176
12.2.3 XLink.......................................................................................177
12.2.4 XSLT........................................................................................177
12.3 XML in Spatial Data Processing...................................................178
12.3.1 Data encoding, GML................................................................178
12.3.2 Map visualisation, SVG ...........................................................178
12.3.3 Spatial data modelling and validation, XML Schema..............179
12.3.4 Spatial relationships, XLinks ...................................................179
12.3.5 Spatial data transformations, XSLT .........................................179
12.4 Architecture for Mobile Map Services..........................................180
12.4.1 Architecture layers ...................................................................180
12.4.2 Standardised interfaces.............................................................182
12.4.3 Use of XML in the architecture................................................184
12.5 Service Architecture in the GiMoDig project ...............................185
12.5.1 General.....................................................................................185
12.5.2 Query processing......................................................................187
12.5.3 Response processing ................................................................187
12.6 Other related studies......................................................................189
12.7 Discussion and conclusion ............................................................189
References...............................................................................................190
13 A Survey of Map-based Mobile Guides ......................................................193
Jörg BAUS, Keith CHEVERST, Christian KRAY...................................193
13.1 Introduction...................................................................................193
13.2 Mobile Guide Systems: A Representative Survey ........................195
13.3 COMPARISON/ANALYSIS........................................................201
13.3.1 Positioning ...............................................................................202
13.3.2 Situational factors ....................................................................202
13.3.3 Adaptation capabilities.............................................................203
13.3.4 Interface and user interaction ...................................................204
13.3.5 Use of maps..............................................................................205
13.3.6 Architecture..............................................................................206
13.3.7 Future directions ......................................................................206
13.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................207
Acknowledgements.................................................................................208
References...............................................................................................208
14 Position Determination of Reference Points in Surveying ........................211
Leonhard DIETZE, Klaus BÖHM ..............................................................211
14.1 Introduction and state of the art ....................................................211
14.1.1 Locating reference points without technical support................211
14.1.2 Current approaches using Location-based Services (LBS) ......212
14.2 Requirements for the 'Mobile Reference Point Localisation'
support service ........................................................................................213
14.3 The MRPL service concept...........................................................214
14.3.1 The structured vector format....................................................214
14.3.2 Integration of the user position with GPS ................................215
14.3.3 Technical background of position determination using GPS ...216
14.4 Realisation ....................................................................................216
14.4.1 Architecture .............................................................................216
14.5 The MRPL prototype ....................................................................220
14.6 Evaluation of the MPRL prototype...............................................221
14.6.1 Test scenario ............................................................................221
14.6.2 Results......................................................................................221
14.6.3 Evaluation ................................................................................223
14.7 Summary and outlook ...................................................................223
Acknowledgements.................................................................................224
References...............................................................................................224
15 Dynamic 3D Maps for Mobile Tourism Applications ............................... 227
Arne SCHILLING, Volker COORS, Katri LAAKSO................................227
15.1 Feasibility and Advantages of 3D Maps .......................................227
15.2 The TellMaris Project ...................................................................228
15.3 Integration in a Distributed Environment .....................................230
15.4 Development of the iPAQ Prototype ............................................231
15.4.1 Presentation Strategies .............................................................232
15.4.2 Connecting Tourist Data and GIS Data ...................................233
15.4.3 Spatial Database for 3D Geodata .............................................234
15.4.4 Technical Results .....................................................................236
15.5 Prototype Evaluation.....................................................................236
15.5.1 Settings and objectives.............................................................236
15.5.2 Results......................................................................................237
References...............................................................................................238
16 Designing Electronic Maps: An Ethnographic Approach ........................ 241
Barry BROWN, Eric LAURIER.................................................................241
16.1 Introduction...................................................................................241
16.2 Motivation.....................................................................................242
16.3 Methods ........................................................................................243
16.4 Using Maps...................................................................................244
16.4.1 Maps as collaborative artifacts.................................................244
16.4.2 Using a map in situ ..................................................................245
16.4.3 Getting from a to b...................................................................247
16.4.4 Maps for pre-visiting an planing..............................................248
16.5 Designing map technologies .........................................................250
16.5.1 Collaborative map use..............................................................250
16.5.2 Combining electronic maps and guidebooks ...........................251
16.5.3 Supporting pre visiting an planning .........................................252
16.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................255
Acknowledgements.................................................................................255
References...............................................................................................255
INDEX................................................................................................................ 259


Another Web Programming Books
Another Mobile Computing Books
Download