Applied Cryptography, Second Edition: Protocols, Algorthms, and Source Code in C

(Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
Author(s): Bruce Schneier
ISBN: 0471128457
Publication Date: 01/01/96

Foreword by Whitfield Diffie
Preface
About the Author


Chapter 1—Foundations
1.1 Terminology
1.2 Steganography
1.3 Substitution Ciphers and Transposition Ciphers
1.4 Simple XOR
1.5 One-Time Pads
1.6 Computer Algorithms
1.7 Large Numbers


Part I—Cryptographic Protocols
Chapter 2—Protocol Building Blocks
2.1 Introduction to Protocols
2.2 Communications Using Symmetric Cryptography
2.3 One-Way Functions
2.4 One-Way Hash Functions
2.5 Communications Using Public-Key Cryptography
2.6 Digital Signatures
2.7 Digital Signatures with Encryption
2.8 Random and Pseudo-Random-Sequence Generation
Chapter 3—Basic Protocols
3.1 Key Exchange
3.2 Authentication
3.3 Authentication and Key Exchange
3.4 Formal Analysis of Authentication and Key-Exchange Protocols
3.5 Multiple-Key Public-Key Cryptography
3.6 Secret Splitting
3.7 Secret Sharing
3.8 Cryptographic Protection of Databases
Chapter 4—Intermediate Protocols
4.1 Timestamping Services
4.2 Subliminal Channel
4.3 Undeniable Digital Signatures
4.4 Designated Confirmer Signatures
4.5 Proxy Signatures
4.6 Group Signatures
4.7 Fail-Stop Digital Signatures
4.8 Computing with Encrypted Data
4.9 Bit Commitment
4.10 Fair Coin Flips
4.11 Mental Poker
4.12 One-Way Accumulators
4.13 All-or-Nothing Disclosure of Secrets
4.14 Key Escrow
Chapter 5—Advanced Protocols
5.1 Zero-Knowledge Proofs
5.2 Zero-Knowledge Proofs of Identity
5.3 Blind Signatures
5.4 Identity-Based Public-Key Cryptography
5.5 Oblivious Transfer
5.6 Oblivious Signatures
5.7 Simultaneous Contract Signing
5.8 Digital Certified Mail
5.9 Simultaneous Exchange of Secrets
Chapter 6—Esoteric Protocols
6.1 Secure Elections
6.2 Secure Multiparty Computation
6.3 Anonymous Message Broadcast
6.4 Digital Cash
Part II—Cryptographic Techniques
Chapter 7—Key Length
7.1 Symmetric Key Length
7.2 Public-Key Key Length
7.3 Comparing Symmetric and Public-Key Key Length
7.4 Birthday Attacks against One-Way Hash Functions
7.5 How Long Should a Key Be?
7.6 Caveat Emptor
Chapter 8—Key Management
8.1 Generating Keys
8.2 Nonlinear Keyspaces
8.3 Transferring Keys
8.4 Verifying Keys
8.5 Using Keys
8.6 Updating Keys
8.7 Storing Keys
8.8 Backup Keys
8.9 Compromised Keys
8.10 Lifetime of Keys
8.11 Destroying Keys
8.12 Public-Key Key Management
Chapter 9—Algorithm Types and Modes
9.1 Electronic Codebook Mode
9.2 Block Replay
9.3 Cipher Block Chaining Mode
9.4 Stream Ciphers
9.5 Self-Synchronizing Stream Ciphers
9.6 Cipher-Feedback Mode
9.7 Synchronous Stream Ciphers
9.8 Output-Feedback Mode
9.9 Counter Mode
9.10 Other Block-Cipher Modes
9.11 Choosing a Cipher Mode
9.12 Interleaving
9.13 Block Ciphers versus Stream Ciphers
Chapter 10—Using Algorithms
10.1 Choosing an Algorithm
10.2 Public-Key Cryptography versus Symmetric Cryptography
10.3 Encrypting Communications Channels
10.4 Encrypting Data for Storage
10.5 Hardware Encryption versus Software Encryption
10.6 Compression, Encoding, and Encryption
10.7 Detecting Encryption
10.8 Hiding Ciphertext in Ciphertext
10.9 Destroying Information
Part III—Cryptographic Algorithms
Chapter 11—Mathematical Background
11.1 Information Theory
11.2 Complexity Theory
11.3 Number Theory
11.4 Factoring
11.5 Prime Number Generation
11.6 Discrete Logarithms in a Finite Field
Chapter 12—Data Encryption Standard (DES)
12.1 Background
12.2 Description of DES
12.3 Security of DES
12.4 Differential and Linear Cryptanalysis
12.5 The Real Design Criteria
12.6 DES Variants
12.7 How Secure Is DES Today?
Chapter 13—Other Block Ciphers
13.1 Lucifer
13.2 Madryga
13.3 NewDES
13.4 FEAL
13.5 REDOC
13.6 LOKI
13.7 Khufu and Khafre
13.8 RC2
13.9 IDEA
13.10 MMB
13.11 CA-1.1
13.12 Skipjack
Chapter 14—Still Other Block Ciphers
14.1 GOST
14.2 CAST
14.3 Blowfish
14.4 SAFER
14.5 3-Way
14.6 Crab
14.7 SXAL8/MBAL
14.8 RC5
14.9 Other Block Algorithms
14.10 Theory of Block Cipher Design
14.11 Using one-Way Hash Functions
14.12 Choosing a Block Algorithm
Chapter 15—Combining Block Ciphers
15.1 Double Encryption
15.2 Triple Encryption
15.3 Doubling the Block Length
15.4 Other Multiple Encryption Schemes
15.5 CDMF Key Shortening
15.6 Whitening
15.7 Cascading Multiple Block Algorithms
15.8 Combining Multiple Block Algorithms
Chapter 16—Pseudo-Random-Sequence Generators and Stream Ciphers
16.1 Linear Congruential Generators
16.2 Linear Feedback Shift Registers
16.3 Design and Analysis of Stream Ciphers
16.4 Stream Ciphers Using LFSRs
16.5 A5
16.6 Hughes XPD/KPD
16.7 Nanoteq
16.8 Rambutan
16.9 Additive Generators
16.10 Gifford
16.11 Algorithm M
16.12 PKZIP
Chapter 17—Other Stream Ciphers and Real Random-Sequence Generators
17.1 RC4
17.2 SEAL
17.3 WAKE
17.4 Feedback with Carry Shift Registers
17.5 Stream Ciphers Using FCSRs
17.6 Nonlinear-Feedback Shift Registers
17.7 Other Stream Ciphers
17.8 System-Theoretic Approach to Stream-Cipher Design
17.9 Complexity-Theoretic Approach to Stream-Cipher Design
17.10 Other Approaches to Stream-Cipher Design
17.11 Cascading Multiple Stream Ciphers
17.12 Choosing a Stream Cipher
17.13 Generating Multiple Streams from a Single Pseudo-Random-Sequence Generator
17.14 Real Random-Sequence Generators
Chapter 18—One-Way Hash Functions
18.1 Background
18.2 Snefru
18.3 N- Hash
18.4 MD4
18.5 MD5
18.6 MD2
18.7 Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA)
18.8 RIPE-MD
18.9 HAVAL
18.10 Other One-Way Hash Functions
18.11 One-Way Hash Functions Using Symmetric Block Algorithms
18.12 Using Public-Key Algorithms
18.13 Choosing a One-Way Hash Function
18.14 Message Authentication Codes
Chapter 19—Public-Key Algorithms
19.1 Background
19.2 Knapsack Algorithms
19.3 RSA
19.4 Pohlig-Hellman
19.5 Rabin
19.6 ElGamal
19.7 McEliece
19.8 Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems
19.9 LUC
19.10 Finite Automaton Public-Key Cryptosystems
Chapter 20—Public-Key Digital Signature Algorithms
20.1 Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA)
20.2 DSA Variants
20.3 Gost Digital Signature Algorithm
20.4 Discrete Logarithm Signature Schemes
20.5 Ong-Schnorr-Shamir
20.6 ESIGN
20.7 Cellular Automata
20.8 Other Public-Key Algorithms
Chapter 21—Identification Schemes
21.1 Feige-Fiat-Shamir
21.2 Guillou-Quisquater
21.3 Schnorr
21.4 Converting Identification Schemes to Signature Schemes
Chapter 22—Key-Exchange Algorithms
22.1 Diffie-Hellman
22.2 Station-to-Station Protocol
22.3 Shamir’s Three-Pass Protocol
22.4 COMSET
22.5 Encrypted Key Exchange
22.6 Fortified Key Negotiation
22.7 Conference Key Distribution and Secret Broadcasting
Chapter 23—Special Algorithms for Protocols
23.1 Multiple-Key Public-Key Cryptography
23.2 Secret-Sharing Algorithms
23.3 Subliminal Channel
23.4 Undeniable Digital Signatures
23.5 Designated Confirmer Signatures
23.6 Computing with Encrypted Data
23.7 Fair Coin Flips
23.8 One-Way Accumulators
23.9 All-or-Nothing Disclosure of Secrets
23.10 Fair and Failsafe Cryptosystems
23.11 Zero-Knowledge Proofs of Knowledge
23.12 Blind Signatures
23.13 Oblivious Transfer
23.14 Secure Multiparty Computation
23.15 Probabilistic Encryption
23.16 Quantum Cryptography
Part IV—The Real World
Chapter 24—Example Implementations
24.1 IBM Secret-Key Management Protocol
24.2 MITRENET
24.3 ISDN
24.4 STU-III
24.5 Kerberos
24.6 KryptoKnight
24.7 SESAME
24.8 IBM Common Cryptographic Architecture
24.9 ISO Authentication Framework
24.10 Privacy-Enhanced Mail (PEM)
24.11 Message Security Protocol (MSP)
24.12 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
24.13 Smart Cards
24.14 Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS)
24.15 Universal Electronic Payment System (UEPS)
24.16 Clipper
24.17 Capstone
24.18 AT&T Model 3600 Telephone Security Device (TSD)
Chapter 25—Politics
25.1 National Security Agency (NSA)
25.2 National Computer Security Center (NCSC)
25.3 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
25.4 RSA Data Security, Inc.
25.5 Public Key Partners
25.6 International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR)
25.7 RACE Integrity Primitives Evaluation (RIPE)
25.8 Conditional Access for Europe (CAFE)
25.9 ISO/IEC 9979
25.10 Professional, Civil Liberties, and Industry Groups
25.11 Sci.crypt
25.12 Cypherpunks
25.13 Patents
25.14 U.S. Export Rules
25.15 Foreign Impot and Export of Cryptography
25.16 Legal Issues
Afterword by Matt Blaze
Part V—Source Code
References
Index

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