WiFi Security

CONTENTS
Preface xvii

Chapter 1 Introduction to Wireless LAN
Security Standards 1
Wireless Defined 2
Factors of Security 2
Theft 3
Access Control 4
Authentication 4
Encryption 5
Safeguards 6
Intrusion Detection Systems 7
IEEE 9
WECA 9
Wi-Fi 9
The Many Flavors of 802.11 9
FHSS 10
DSSS 11
OFDM 12
Bluetooth 12
Differences between the Wireless Standards 13
Conclusion: How Security Applies 14

Chapter 2 Technology 17
Comparisons 17
HomeRF 18
802.11 versus SWAP 18
SWAP Specification 19
Integrating Wireless Phone and Data 19
Bluetooth 19
Wireless Hacking 20
NetStumbler 20
NetStumbler Software Uses 22
Script Kiddies 22
Facts 24
Bluetooth Technology 25
Bluetooth Background 25
What Gives Bluetooth Its Bite? 26
Bluetooth Spectrum Hopping 27
Bluetooth Connections 28
Enforcing Security 30
Link Me Up! 31
Conclusion: The Future of the WLAN 32

Chapter 3 Wireless LAN Security Factors 33
Enabling Encryption Security 35
WEP Encryption 36
Encrypting 802.11b? 36
Network Interface Cards 36
Cross-Platform Hacking 37
Eavesdropping 39
Breaking In! 40
Counterfeiting 40
Wireless DoS Attack 41
Points of Vulnerability 42
Your Best Defense Against an Attack 45
Conclusion: Keeping Your WLAN Secure 47

Chapter 4Issues in elWessir Security 49
The State of Wireless LAN Security 50
Securing Your WLAN 50
Authenticating Data 51
Client Authentication in a Closed System 53
Shared Key Authentication 53
RC4 53
Ensuring Privacy 54
Keeping Data Intact 55
Managing Keys 56
WLAN Vulnerabilities 58
Subtle Attacks 59
Common Security Pitfalls 59
Poor Security, Better than No Security at All! 59
Short Keys 59
Initialization Vectors 60
Shared Keys 60
Checks and Balances for Packets 60
Authentication 61
Location! Location! Location! 61
Attack Patterns 62
Active Attack Patterns 62
Passive Attacks 63
Conclusion 63

Chapter 5 The 802.11 Standard Defined 65
The 802.11 Standard 66
Issues to Consider 66
Expanding the Network Standard 69
Ad Hoc Networks 69
Extended Service Set 69
Wireless Radio Standard 70
The Standard Algorithm 71
Address Spaces 72
The 802.11 Standard in Security 72
Encryption 73
Timing and Power Management 73
Speed 75
Compatibility 75
Standard “Flavors” of 802.11 76
802.11a 76
802.11b 77
802.11d 77
802.11e 78
802.11f 78
802.11g 78
802.11h 79
802.11i 79
Conclusion: Evolution of the 802.11 Standard 80

Chapter 6 802.11 Security Infrastructure 83
Point-to-Point Wireless Application Security 84
Point of Interception 84
Wireless Vulnerability 86
Building a Private Wireless Infrastructure 88
Vulnerable Encryption 89
Commercial Security Infrastructure 89
Building a Private Infrastructure 90
Items to Compromise 91
Deploying Your Wireless Infrastructure 92
Determining Requirements 92
Choosing a Flavor of 802.11 93
Security Design 96
Monitoring Activity 97
Conclusion: Maintaining a Secure Infrastructure 97

Chapter 7 802.11 Encryption: Wired Equivalent 99
Privacy 99
Why WEP? 100
Defending Your Systems 100
WEP Mechanics 103
Wireless Security Encryption 103
Insecure Keys 104
Taking a Performance Hit 104
Wireless Authentication 105
Known WEP Imperfections 107
Access Control 108
IRL Security 109
Points of Vulnerability 109
Conclusion: Finding Security in an Unsecured World 111

Chapter 8 Unauthorized Access and Privacy 113
Privacy in Jeopardy 114
Passive Attacks 114
Broadcast Monitoring 115
Active Attacks 116
The “Evil” Access Point 117
Data Privacy 117
Compromising Privacy in Public Places 118
Protecting Your Privacy 118
Public or Private? 120
Safer Computing 120
The “Human” Factor 122
Defining the Bullet Points in a Security Policy 122
Training 124
Physical Security 124
Wireless Range 126
Conclusion: Common Sense Access Controls 127

Chapter 9 Open System Authentication 131
What is Open System Authentication? 132
802.11 Networks on Windows XP 133
User Administration 134
Managing Keys in an Open System 135
Authentication Concerns 135
802.11b Security Algorithms 136
Authentication Support 137
Shared-key Authentication 138
Secret Keys 138
The WEP Algorithm 138
Static Vulnerabilities 139
NIC Security 139
Wireless NIC Power Settings 140
Open System to WEP Authentication 141
Port-based Network Access Control 141
Securely Identifying Wireless Traffic 143
Extensible Authentication Protocol 144
Conclusion: Open System versus Closed
System Authentication 146

Chapter 10 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 147
802.11 DSSS 148
Standardization 148
MAC Layers 149
CSMA 150
Roaming 150
Power Requirements 151
Increasing Data Transmission 151
FHSS Security 154
Hop Sequences 155
FHSS versus DSSS 155
Frequency Allocation 156
Open System Security 158
It’s All About…Timing 159
System Roaming 160
Conclusion: Spectrum Safety! 160

Chapter 11 Wi-Fi Equipment Issues 163
Issues in Wi-Fi Deployment 164
Wireless Equipment Vendors 164
WLAN Equipment Considerations 165
Equipment Vendors 167
Market Trends 168
Technology Issues 169
Access Point-centric Configuration 170
Mobile Device Configuration 170
Building Extensions to Access Points 171
Directional Broadcasting 172
Cost Concerns 172
The Costs of Effective Security 174
Wired versus Wireless Security 176
Vendor Trials 176
Conclusion: Next-generation Wireless Equipment 178

Chapter 12 Cross-Platform Wireless User Security 181
WLAN Assignment Applications 182
Cost Concerns 182
Macintosh WLANs 183
Lindows OS 185
Orinoco Wireless 185
Handheld Devices 186
Cross-platform Wireless Security Concerns 187
Initialization Vector Collisions 188
Key Reuse 188
Evil Packets 189
Real-time Decryption 189
802.11 Security Issues 189
Windows XP Wireless Connectivity 192
Windows XP WEP Authentication 192
Windows XP Wireless Functionality 194
WLAN NIC Vendors 194
Conclusion: All Vendors Must Get Along! 195

Chapter 13 Security Breach Vulnerabilities 197
Intercepting Wireless Network Traffic 198
Wireless 802.11b 199
Proximity Attack 199
Securing Your Network 201
WAP Attack! 201
Encryption 201
Commonsense Measures 203
PnP Networked Devices 203
Windows Users 204
Macintosh Computers 205
Linux Boxes 205
Hacking the Network Printer 206
Printer Servers 207
Defending Against Attacks 208
Conclusion: Limiting Your Vulnerabilities 211

Chapter 14Access Conotl r Schemes 215
Authentication 216
Windows XP Access and Authentication Schemes 217
Access Control Procedures 217
Physical Security 218
Controlling Access to Access Points 219
Physical Access Point Security 220
Secure Access Point Management Issues 221
Preventive Measures 225
MAC the Knife 225
VPN 225
IP Addressing Issues 227
Conclusion: Ensuring “Secure” Access Control 229

Chapter 15 Wireless Laptop Users (PC and Mac) 231
Laptop Physical Security 232
Protection 232
Hardware Solutions 233
Public Key Infrastructure 237
Portable Biometrics 237
Reducing WEP Vulnerabilities 239
Securing the WLAN 241
Platform Bias 241
Wireless Laptop Network Support 242
Enhancing Mobile Security 243
Remote Users 243
Conclusion: Evolving Laptop Security 244

Chapter 16 Administrative Security 247
Authentication Solutions 248
Passwords 249
Building the Firewall 249
Intrusion Detection Systems 250
Host-based IDS 252
Network-based IDS 253
Host IDS versus Network IDS 253
Why Have an IDS? 253
The Computer as the Decision Maker 254
Real Live People 255
Security Vulnerability Assessment 256
Risk Assessment 257
Conclusion: Best Defense Is a Good Offense! 260

Chapter 17 Security Issues for Wireless
Applications (Wireless PDAs) 263
Protecting Information 264
PDA Data 264
Seeking Security 265
Security Functionality 266
Access Control 266
HotSync 266
Infrared 266
Building an Effective Mobile Security Policy 268
Protecting Mobile Resources 268
Wireless Connectivity 268
HotSync Security 270
Infrared Authentication 270
Establishing a Security Policy 271
Privacy Concerns 272
Why PDAs Require Privacy 272
Maintaining Access Control 273
Data Encryption 273
SecurID 273
Intranet Access with Your PDA 274
How Hackers Fit into the Equation 275
Security Concerns 275
PDAs as Diagnostic Tools 275
PocketDOS 276
Wireless Service Providers 277
GoAmerica Communications 277
SprintPCS 277
AT&T Wireless IP Network 278
Conclusion: Mobile Wireless Computing 279

Chapter 18 The Future of Wi-Fi Security? 281
Privacy Regulations 282
Patriot Act, 2001 (USPA) 282
Graham-Leach-Billey (GLB) Act, 2001 282
Fair Credit Reporting Act, 1970, 1996 (FCRA) 282
Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act
of 1998 (COPPA) 283
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
Act (HIPPA) [August 21, 1996] 283
Pervasive Computing 283
Wireless Mobile Computing 284
Evolving Security 284
Basic Encryption 285
WEP 285
Protecting Access 285
Denial of Service Attacks 286
Evolving Standards 286
Competing Standards 287
Enhancing Your Wireless Security 289
Biometrics 290
Assessing WLAN Strengths and Weaknesses 290
Combining Future WLAN Technology 291
Smart Systems 292
Scrambled Data 292
OS Platform Evolution 292
Windows XP Security 293
Macintosh OS X 294
Palm and PocketPC 294
Linux 294
Lindows OS 295
Preventing Network Intrusion Attempts 295
Network Servers 296
File Servers 296
Printer Servers 297
Conclusion: The Future of Wireless Networking 297
Index 299

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